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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| K01DA025131 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) | NIH |
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The study investigated the underlying mechanisms of smoking in young adults by examining the associations between smoking, brain activity, dopamine genes, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The study investigated the underlying mechanisms of smoking in young adults by examining the associations between smoking, brain activity, dopamine genes, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Four groups of young adults were recruited: (1) smokers with ADHD; (2) nonsmokers with ADHD; (3) normative control smokers; and (4) normative control nonsmokers. Smoking was assessed via questionnaires and salivary cotinine levels. Brain activity was examined via functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Each nonsmoker underwent an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. Smokers underwent two fMRI scans during similar experimental tasks under the following two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence. The association between the DRD4-7 repeat allele and smoking was explored.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smokers with ADHD | Smokers with ADHD participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). |
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| Nonsmokers with ADHD | Nonsmokers with ADHD participated in one condition. |
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| Control smokers | Control smokers participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). |
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| Control nonsmokers | Control nonsmokers participated in one condition. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cigarette smoking | Behavioral | Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking a cigarette. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Brain Activity | BOLD z-score of smokers with ADHD after abstinence/smoking a cigarette, control smokers after abstinence/smoking a cigarette, nonsmokers with ADHD, and control nonsmokers. All participants performed a mathematical task in the MRI scanner. Higher BOLD z-scores indicate greater brain activation. | One MRI session for nonsmokers and two MRI sessions for smokers |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| DRD4 Genotype | one time blood draw | |
| Salivary Cotinine | Average level of salivary cotinine over all time points (microgram/milliliter) | Once per week for 4 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Smokers with ADHD
Nonsmokers with ADHD
Normative control smokers
Normative control nonsmokers
Exclusion Criteria:
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Commuity sample
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jean-G. Gehricke, Ph.D., M.A. | University of California, Irvine | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2500 Red Hill Avenue | Santa Ana | California | 92705 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25481571 | Background | Gehricke JG, Swanson JM, Duong S, Nguyen J, Wigal TL, Fallon J, Caburian C, Muftuler LT, Moyzis RK. Increased brain activity to unpleasant stimuli in individuals with the 7R allele of the DRD4 gene. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Jan 30;231(1):58-63. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.021. Epub 2014 Nov 4. | |
| 31156069 | Derived | Gehricke JG, Gevorkian J, Stehli A, Alejo SD, Dawson M, Kopelevich A. Discrepancies in the Validity of Self-Reported Cigarette Smoking in Adults With and Without ADHD. J Dual Diagn. 2019 Jul-Sep;15(3):177-183. doi: 10.1080/15504263.2019.1620399. Epub 2019 Jun 3. |
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Smokers and nonsmokers with and without ADHD
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Smokers With ADHD | Smokers with ADHD participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Cigarette smoking versus withdrawal in smokers: Each fMRI scan included an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. Smokers participated in two fMRI scans during the experimental task under the following two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence (withdrawal). |
| FG001 | Nonsmokers With ADHD | Nonsmokers with ADHD participated in one fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. |
| FG002 | Control Smokers | Control smokers participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Cigarette smoking versus withdrawal in smokers: Each fMRI scan included an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. Smokers participated in two fMRI scans during the experimental task under the following two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence (withdrawal). |
| FG003 | Control Nonsmokers | Control nonsmokers participated in one fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | ADHD Smokers | ADHD smokers participated in two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence. |
| BG001 | ADHD Nonsmokers | ADHD nonsmokers participated in the abstinence condition. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Brain Activity | BOLD z-score of smokers with ADHD after abstinence/smoking a cigarette, control smokers after abstinence/smoking a cigarette, nonsmokers with ADHD, and control nonsmokers. All participants performed a mathematical task in the MRI scanner. Higher BOLD z-scores indicate greater brain activation. | Discrepancies between participant flow and number of participants analyzed are due to motion artifacts, which compromised the MRI findings. Thus, a number of participants had to be excluded from the MRI data analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | z-score | One MRI session for nonsmokers and two MRI sessions for smokers |
|
Up to 6 years.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Smokers With ADHD | Smokers with ADHD participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Cigarette smoking versus withdrawal in smokers: Each fMRI scan included an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. Smokers participated in two fMRI scans during the experimental task under the following two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence (withdrawal). |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Jean Gehricke | UC Irvine | 949-267-0404 | jgehrick@uci.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012907 | Smoking |
| D001289 | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D019958 | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012252 | Natural Family Planning Methods |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003267 | Contraception |
| D012099 | Reproductive Techniques |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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Blood samples for genotyping
| Abstinence | Behavioral | Participants had an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems after smoking abstinence. |
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| BG002 | Control Smokers | Control smokers participated in two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence. |
| BG003 | Control Nonsmokers | Control nonsmokers participated in the abstinence condition. |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
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| Gender | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Nonsmokers With ADHD |
Nonsmokers participate in one condition. |
| OG002 | Control Smokers After Abstinence | Control smokers after overnight abstinence (withdrawal). |
| OG003 | Control Nonsmokers | Nonsmokers participate in one condition. |
| OG004 | Smokers With ADHD After Smoking | Smokers with ADHD after smoking the first cigarette of the day |
| OG005 | Control Smokers After Smoking | Control smokers after smoking the first cigarette of the day |
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| Secondary | DRD4 Genotype | Discrepancies between participant flow and data analyze reflect that not all participants provided blood samples. Dopamine genotypes were only available for participants who were also enrolled in the Multimodal Treatment for ADHD Study (MTA-Study). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | one time blood draw |
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|
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| Secondary | Salivary Cotinine | Average level of salivary cotinine over all time points (microgram/milliliter) | Discrepancies between participants cotinine samples and participant flow are due to the fact that not all participants provided useful saliva samples. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Microgram/milliliter | Once per week for 4 weeks |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 19 |
| 0 |
| 19 |
| EG001 | Nonsmokers With ADHD | Nonsmokers with ADHD participated in one fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 |
| EG002 | Control Smokers | Control smokers participated in one overnight abstinence condition (withdrawal) and one smoking condition (smoking the first cigarette of the morning). Cigarette smoking versus withdrawal in smokers: Each participant will undergo an fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems and unpleasant and neutral pictures. Smokers will undergo two fMRI scans during similar experimental tasks under the following two conditions: (1) after smoking a cigarette and (2) after overnight abstinence (withdrawal). | 0 | 23 | 0 | 23 |
| EG003 | Control Nonsmokers | Control nonsmokers participated in one fMRI scan during an experimental task consisting of mathematical problems. | 0 | 26 | 0 | 26 |
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| DRD4-4R/4R |
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| DRD4-3R/4R |
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| DRD4-3R/3R |
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| DRD4-2R/4R |
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| DRD4-2R/2R |
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