The purpose of the proposed study is to determine the clinical validity and reliability of the VA's Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Clinical Reminder Screen and the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation used to screen for mild traumatic brain injury. Examining the reliability of the two screens will determine whether they are dependable. Verifying the clinical validity is important because valid screening and evaluation of mild TBI leads to accurate diagnosis and timely treatment. Accurate screening also improves clinical efficiency and ensures that resources are provided to those who need them most. The project findings are expected to advance the science of screening and diagnosis of a mild TBI event.

A. Anticipated Impacts on Veterans' Healthcare: Determining the clinical validity of the VA's TBI Clinical Reminder Screen and Comprehensive TBI Evaluation is critical because valid screening and evaluation of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) leads to accurate diagnosis and timely treatment. Accurate screening improves clinical efficiency and ensures that resources are provided to those who need them most. The project findings are expected to advance the science of screening and diagnosis by clarifying whether symptoms are consistent with post-concussion syndrome due to an mTBI event. Findings are also expected to inform the development of the next generation of VA screening instruments for mild TBI.

B. Project Background/Rationale: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading injury among military personnel serving in the Operation Enduring Freedom/ Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) combat theaters due largely to improvised explosive devices. While TBI severity ranges from mild to severe, mTBI is particularly difficult to identify, diagnose and treat. The VA modified a version of the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) tool, which is used to screen returning OEF/OIF service members. The VA's modified screen, the TBI Clinical Reminder Screen, is used to screen a slightly different population. Therefore, results of the validity study for the DVBIC tool are not directly applicable. As a result, the General Accountability Office (GAO) recommended the VA expeditiously evaluate the clinical validity and reliability of its TBI screening tool.

C. Primary Study Objectives are: (1) Develop the Diagnostic Assessment Battery for use as a proxy gold standard, and (2) Evaluate and compare the performance characteristics of the TBI Clinical Reminder Screen and the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation using the Diagnostic Assessment Battery. These objectives will be realized via: (a) An examination the performance characteristics (diagnostic validity) of the TBI Clinical Reminder Screen and the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation relative to the Diagnostic Assessment Battery to determine sensitivity and specificity, (b) Determining whether false positives and/or false negatives are related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and how the performance characteristics of the tests differ for PTSD, (c) Ascertaining the concordance among measures of functional impairment, the TBI Clinical Reminder Screen and the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation, (d) Establishing the concurrent validity between the diagnosis of presence or absence of post-concussion syndrome due to mTBI and measures of functional impairment, (e) Verifying the test/retest reliability for the TBI Clinical Reminder Screen and the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation and (f) Identifying whether clusters of symptoms or subjects reporting similar patterns of symptoms correspond with clinical sub-groups (e.g., mTBI with PTSD, PTSD alone).

D. Project Methods: An online Delphi process and will be conducted with mTBI experts to inform the development of the Diagnostic Assessment Battery. A sample of 500 OEF/OIF veterans will be recruited over 12-months at three VA Polytrauma Network Sites. The OEF/OIF veterans will have symptoms consistent with either a mild TBI event (True Positive) or symptoms inconsistent with such an event (True Negative). All subjects will be assessed by research clinicians using the TBI Clinical Reminder Screen, the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation and the Diagnostic Assessment Battery. Analysis will determine the sensitivity and specificity as well as the test/retest reliability of the TBI Clinical Reminder and the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation. The performance characteristics for the Diagnostic Assessment Battery will be ascertained and used to further our understanding of how best to distinguish mTBI symptoms from related and/or comorbid conditions (e.g., PTSD, anxiety, and depression).

Inclusion Criteria:

Patients included are those service members or Veterans who have been deployed in the OEF/OIF conflict and have screened positive or negative on the TBI Clinical Reminder.

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria include those service members or Veterans diagnosed with a moderate to severe TBI or a psychiatric disorder unrelated to TBI.

Operation Enduring Freedom/ Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans

Number of participants consented and enrolled.