This study offers 90-120 hours of 1:1 training to improve reading skills in adults who have poor reading skills following a stroke. Specifically, this study is designed to improve skill in sounding out words for reading and spelling. The overall time commitment for participation in this study is approximately 11-30 weeks.

The proposed study is a mixed-effects (single-subject ABA repeated-probe and small group elements) design with 90-120 hours of a modified multi-modal treatment of alexia replicated across up to 18 adults with post-stroke phonological alexia. The short-term goals of this research proposal includes the following: 1) determine if a modified multimodal treatment of phonological alexia can improve pseudoword reading skills (providing a basis from which training will also treat real word reading skills), 2) determine if a modified multimodal treatment of phonological alexia can improve real word reading skills, 3) determine how brain lesion extent and location relate to participants' response to treatment, and 4) identify relationships between changes in functional brain activity in specified regions of interest and participants' response to treatment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults with post-stroke reading difficulties (phonological alexia)
• >3 months post-stroke
• native English speaker
• can go in MRI scanner (3 to 6 scans),
• participate in 90 to 120 free treatment sessions
• return for 3-month post-treatment follow-up assessment & MRI.

Exclusion Criteria:

• mental illness
• degenerative disease, visual or auditory acuity impairment
• drug abuse
• English is not first language
• claustrophobia
• pregnancy