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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| The Children's Nutrition Research Center | OTHER |
Context: Gum chewing has been shown to increase cognitive functioning. With the rise in standardized testing of school-age children and the concurrent attempts to improve their scores, finding simple and inexpensive methods to bolster performance is needed.
Objective: To examine the effects of gum chewing on standardized test scores and class grades in a group of 8th grade math students.
Design: Math classes were randomized to a gum chewing (GC) condition that provided students with gum during class and testing, or a control condition with no gum (NG) provided during class and testing. This study was conducted during the Spring 2008 school semester.
Setting: A charter school in Houston, TX.
Participants: All students enrolled in eighth grade math at the charter school were approached for recruitment in this study. A total of 108 (94%) students participated. Participants were between the ages of 13 and 16.
Main Outcome Measures: The Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III), and math class grades were used to assess any differences in academic performance between the GC and NGC conditions. For purposes of this study, only the math sections of the WJ-III and TAKS, which are both standardized tests, were assessed.
Our primary hypothesis was that adolescents in a gum chewing (GC) condition would have significantly improved standardized test scores and math grades compared to adolescents in a non-gum chewing (NG) control condition.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum Chewing | Experimental |
| |
| Non-gum chewing | No Intervention |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gum Chewing | Behavioral |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) | The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores. | the beginning of a school semester |
| Math Grades | baseline (the beginning of a school semester ) | |
| Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS). | The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores. | 14 weeks (end of the semester) |
| Math Grades | 14 week (end of the semester) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Math Scores on the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III) | The WJ-III (10) is a standardized test battery used to assess an individual's academic strengths and weaknesses. For purposes of the current study, students were given the 4 math subtests of the WJ-III. | the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21620465 | Derived | Johnston CA, Tyler C, Stansberry SA, Moreno JP, Foreyt JP. Brief report: gum chewing affects standardized math scores in adolescents. J Adolesc. 2012 Apr;35(2):455-9. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.04.003. Epub 2011 May 26. |
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Researchers and school personnel contacted the parents of all students (n=115) enrolled in an eighth grade math class during the Spring 2008 semester at a charter school in Houston, TX to participate in the current study. A total of 108 (94%) parents provided consent for their children to participate in the study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Gum Chewing | |
| FG001 | Non-Gum Chewing |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Gum Chewing | |
| BG001 | Non-Gum Chewing | |
| BG002 | Total |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) | The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores. | 106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentile | the beginning of a school semester |
|
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Craig Johnston | Baylor | 713-798-2068 | caj@bcm.edu |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002638 | Chewing Gum |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D053149 | Plant Gums |
| D001704 | Biopolymers |
| D011108 | Polymers |
| D046911 | Macromolecular Substances |
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| Scores on the Math Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents (MARS-A) | he MARS-A (12) is a 98-item scale that lists various everyday situations in which adolescents may have to use mathematics. | the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester) |
| State Anxiety Scores on the State Trait Anxiety Index for Children (STAIC). | The STAIC is a scale that distinguishes between a situationally based anxiety and a general intrinsic inclination towards experiencing feelings of anxiety | the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester) |
Total of all reporting groups
| Participants |
|
| Age Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
|
| Primary | Math Grades | 106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | average percentage correct | baseline (the beginning of a school semester ) |
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|
|
| Secondary | Math Scores on the Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III) | The WJ-III (10) is a standardized test battery used to assess an individual's academic strengths and weaknesses. For purposes of the current study, students were given the 4 math subtests of the WJ-III. | Not Posted | Number | Standard Deviation | the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester) |
| Secondary | Scores on the Math Anxiety Rating Scale for Adolescents (MARS-A) | he MARS-A (12) is a 98-item scale that lists various everyday situations in which adolescents may have to use mathematics. | Not Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester) |
| Secondary | State Anxiety Scores on the State Trait Anxiety Index for Children (STAIC). | The STAIC is a scale that distinguishes between a situationally based anxiety and a general intrinsic inclination towards experiencing feelings of anxiety | Not Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | the beginning of a school semester and 14 weeks later (the end of a school semester) |
| Primary | Math Scores on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS). | The TAKS test is a statewide standardized test administered to all Texas schoolchildren (15). The TAKS assesses reading, math, science, and social studies for 8th grade students; however, the current study analyzed only math scores. | 106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentile | 14 weeks (end of the semester) |
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| Primary | Math Grades | 106 participants were analyzed. One particiapant relocated to another school and one participant was removed by the teacher for discipline reasons. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | average percentage correct | 14 week (end of the semester) |
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| D011134 |
| Polysaccharides |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
| D053147 | Plant Exudates |
| D001688 | Biological Products |
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
| D002182 | Candy |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |