Functional Neuroimaging of Acute Concerta Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Differences Across Development
Functional Neuroimaging of Acute Concerta Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Differences Across Development
A number of brain regions have been down to be altered in both structure and function in patients with ADHD, including prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, caudate and cerebellum. Patients with ADHD often show reduced levels of activity in the frontal and cingulate regions of brain while performing measures of inhibitory control during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). While stimulant medications robustly improve the clinical symptoms of ADHD, there are only a small number of studies examining the effects of these commonly prescribed medications on brain activity. We propose to obtain fMRI in patients with ADHD on placebo and on their individualized dose of OROS methylphenidate (Concerta). Our hypothesis is that Concerta will increase the activity of the brain in the frontal, cingulate and amygdala of the brain and that these brain changes will be associated with clinical improvement of symptoms.
Three age groups of subjects will be studied: school age children (aged 9-12), older adolescents (age 15-17 years) and young adults (age 20-25 years). Twenty subjects will be studied in each group. All subjects must meet criteria for ADHD, combined type and be either treatment naïve or currently taking and responding well to Concerta. Child and adolescent patients taking Concerta will have their current levels of ADHD symptoms assessed with the Dupaul ADHD rating scale (11); adults taking Concerta will be assessed with Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS). Patients whose symptoms are in remission as evidenced by scores in the normal range on these scales may proceed directly to the neuroimaging portion of the study. Subjects who are treatment naïve or are treated but are not in remission shall under a three week open label trial of Concerta to determine the optimal dose for treatment of their symptoms.
Subjects will have two fMRI sessions on different days. During each fMRI session, they will perform both the Stop Signal Task and the Emotional Conflict Resolution Task . On the morning of the scan, placebo and Concerta will be administered in a double-blind, crossover design, with order of medication and placebo randomized. The scan sessions will take place between 3 and 7 hours after medication administration. After each scan, the subject and a research assistant will go to a quiet room in the imaging center; the subjects will be given arithmetic level set at a level of difficulty that the subject has mastered. The subject will be given 15 minutes to complete as many problems as possible.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: