A self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the average pain over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator and baseline severity.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value.

BPI-S and BPI-I are self-reported scales measuring severity of pain and interference on function. Severity scores: 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain) on each question assessing worst pain, least pain in past 24 hours, and pain right now. Interference scores: 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes) on each question assessing interference of pain in past 24 hours for general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life. Average interference = average of non-missing scores of individual interference items.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

24-hour average pain severity scores were recorded daily on an 11-point Likert scale, an ordinal scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Patients completed the electronic diary at bedtime. The 11-point Likert scale was also used for assessment of night pain and worst pain each day, and evaluated as weekly means. Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator and baseline severity.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Response to treatment was defined as at least a 30% reduction from baseline to endpoint (last observation carried forward) in the BPI average pain severity score. BPI is a self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the average pain experienced over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Response was assessed at endpoint.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Response to treatment was defined as at least a 50% reduction from baseline to endpoint (last observation carried forward) in the BPI average pain severity score. BPI is a self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the average pain experienced over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Response was assessed at endpoint.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Sustained responders: participants with ≥30% reduction of BPI average pain rating from baseline to endpoint and baseline to earlier visit than last visit and who maintain a ≥20% reduction of BPI average pain rating from baseline at every visit between last visit and earlier visit. BPI: a self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the average pain experienced over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Number of sustained responders was assessed at endpoint.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

The results presented are the cumulative number of participants reaching each threshold of BPI average pain reduction. The thresholds are given as percent reductions in BPI average pain score from the baseline score. BPI: a self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the average pain over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Number of participants under each threshold was assessed at endpoint.

All randomized participants with non-missing baseline value; baseline observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Measures severity of illness at the time of assessment compared with start of treatment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator and baseline severity.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

A scale that measures the patient's perception of improvement at the time of assessment compared with the start of treatment. The score ranges from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator and baseline severity.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Roland-Morris questionnaire will be completed by the patient and measures the degree of disability due to back pain. The questionnaire consists of 24 statements and the patient is instructed to put a mark next to each appropriate statement. The number of statements marked will be added up by the clinician and a total score is given. The total score ranges from 0 (no disability) to 24 (severe disability). Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator and baseline severity.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

The 30-item BPOMS measures mood states and has 6 factors: tension-anxiety (Ten), depression-dejection (Dep), anxiety-hostility (Ang), fatigue (Fat), confusion (Con), and vigor (Vig). Item scores: 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). Each factor scores range from 0 to 20. The Total score is sum of all factor scores minus the factor score for vigor (Total=Ten+Dep+Ang+Fat+Con-Vig) and ranges from 0 (least disturbed) to 80 (most disturbed).

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

The SF-36 Health Status Survey is a generic, health-related scale assessing subjects' quality of life on 8 domains: physical functioning, social functioning, bodily pain, vitality, mental health, role-physical, role-emotional and general health and 2 summary scores (mental component summary [MCS] and physical component summary [PCS]). The score for each of the domain and component summary=0-100 (higher scores indicate better health status or functioning).

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Generic, multidimensional, health-related, quality-of-life instrument. The profile allows patients to rate their health state in 5 health domains: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and mood. A single score between 1 and 3 is generated for each domain. For each patient, the outcome rating on 5 domains will be mapped to a single index through an algorithm. The index ranges between 0 and 1; higher scores indicate a better health state perceived by the patient. Participants were evaluated with the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) population based index score.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

WPAI: self-administered instrument used to measure effect of general health and symptom severity on work productivity and regular activities and yields 4 types of scores: Absenteeism (work time missed); Presenteeism (impairment at work/reduced on-the-job effectiveness); Work Productivity Loss (overall work impairment/absenteeism plus presenteeism); and Activity Impairment.

1. Absenteeism
2. Presenteeism
3. Work productivity loss
4. Activity Impairment Scores range from 0 to 1 for each of the above 4 types; higher scores indicate greater impairment.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints. Not for all participants were data for all WPAI items available.

Reasons for discontinuation are listed in the participant flow.

All randomized participants.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing.

endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

Least Squares Mean values were controlled for investigator.

All randomized participants with baseline and at least 1 non-missing post-baseline value. Last observation carried forward method was used to impute missing endpoints.

The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) captures the occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors during the assessment period. The scale includes suggested questions to solicit the type of information needed to determine if a suicide-related thought or behavior occurred.

All randomized participants.