Intravenous Ketorolac for Postoperative Pain in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

The Efficacy of Continuous Intravenous Ketorolac for Postoperative Pain in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: a Double Blinded Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial

The purpose of this study is to determine whether continuous intravenous ketorolac infusion reduces pain in patients who are having percutaneous nephrolithotomy for kidney stone disease.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy for kidney stone disease

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug allergy
• Asthma
• History of long-term opioid use
• Intraoperative blood loss greater than 300 mL
• Postoperative hemodynamic instability
• Active peptic ulcer disease
• Advanced renal impairment (Creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL)
• Bleeding diathesis
• Current use of probenecid
• Pregnancy