The objective of the study is to determine whether a specific immune microenvironment in the primary tumor is associated with a favorable clinical course after nephrectomy and in the absence of adjuvant treatment.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a tumor with clinically apparent immunologic phenomena, such as response to immunotherapies (interferon, interleukin-2, immune cellular therapy etc), spontaneous regression, and sometimes indolent behaviour. Nephrectomy itself influences the prognosis of advanced RCC patients as shown in 2 randomised trials, and could have an immune basis. We previously reported on the variability of clinical behaviour in advanced RCC patients who had not received systemic treatment after debulking nephrectomy (Debulking Nephrectomy Followed By A "Watch And Wait" Approach In Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma .Wong A, et al. Urol Oncol, in press). The clinical significance of this includes the avoidance of toxic systemic therapies after nephrectomy, or the possibility of using non-toxic vaccine approaches in metastatic patients after cytoreductive nephrectomy. In this research proposal we would like to analyse the immune related gene expression profile on nephrectomy tumor samples and correlate them with the clinical course of the patient after the nephrectomy. This will be an exploratory and retrospective study of 15 patients in whom debulking nephrectomy for advanced RCC had been done, who did not receive any adjuvant treatment, and in whom the clinical course had been monitored after the nephrectomy.

We will first carry out a feasibility study during which we will isolate RNA from 3 FFPE (formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded) samples using commercially available RNA isolation kit and we will determine if their quality is compatible with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or microarray studies. Upon successful feasibility study, the analysis will be extended to 15 patients. RNA will be isolated from FFPE samples and the gene expression profiles will be evaluated by qPCR and/or microarray. Emphasis will be placed on the expression profile of immune-related genes. Finally, transcriptome analysis results will be extended at the protein and cell level using immunohistochemistry assays.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Advanced RCC who had a cytoreductive nephrectomy done.
• Patients did not receive specific anti-cancer systemic therapy after the nephrectomy, except after clinical disease progression.
• Tumor samples available.

Advanced RCC who had a cytoreductive nephrectomy done. Patients did not receive specific anti-cancer systemic therapy after the nephrectomy, except after clinical disease progression. Tumor samples available.