The consolidation of learning is enhanced by adrenalin and other stress hormones. This memory enhancing effect is opposed by propranolol. In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a psychologically traumatic event may overstimulate stress hormones such as adrenalin, which in turn overly strengthen consolidation of the memory of the event, leading to an excessively powerful and persistent memory. Administration of propranolol after a psychologically traumatic event could reduce subsequent PTSD. Unfortunately, there exists a window of opportunity for influencing the consolidation of a traumatic event into long-term memory. In persons who have already developed PTSD, this would have closed months or years earlier. However, recent developments in animal research suggest that reactivation (retrieval) of a consolidated memory can return it to a labile state, from which it must be restabilized in order to persist. This process, which has been termed "reconsolidation," can be reduced in animals by propranolol.

In a preliminary study performed by the PI and colleagues in Canada, civilian participants with PTSD described the traumatic event during a script preparation session, which served to reactivate their traumatic memory. They then received either propranolol or placebo. A week later, during script-driven imagery of their traumatic events, physiologic responses were smaller in the participants who had received post-reactivation propranolol compared to placebo, suggesting that the traumatic memory had been weakened by the propranolol. These results suggest that that post-reactivation propranolol recapitulates its effects on consolidation, this time by blocking reconsolidation of the traumatic memory.

Several important questions remain unanswered. First, does propranolol also weaken traumatic memories in combat-related PTSD? Second, does this weakening effect only occur when the propranolol is given after combat memory reactivation? If not, this would refute the reconsolidation hypothesis and suggest that propranolol affects non-specific mechanisms. Third, how long does the traumatic memory weakening last?

The proposed project will investigate these questions by performing an improved, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with combat-related PTSD. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: post-reactivation propranolol or non-reactivation propranolol. Participants in the non-reactivation propranolol group will receive propranolol in the absence of traumatic memory reactivation. Participants randomized to the post-reactivation propranolol group will receive matching placebo capsules. Two days later, all participants will return for a script preparation session, at which time they will describe the details of their traumatic event. Participants randomized to the post-reactivation propranolol group will then receive propranolol, whereas participants randomized to the non-reactivation propranolol group will receive placebo. Participants will then return for psychophysiologic script-driven imagery testing one week and six months later. We hypothesize that those who receive propranolol after reactivation of their memories of their traumatic combat event(s) will show significantly smaller psychophysiologic responses during script-driven imagery testing compared to participants who receive propranolol in the absence of combat memory reactivation, supporting the inference that post-reactivation propranolol blocks the reconsolidation of traumatic combat memories.

Background: Animal evidence indicates that some consolidated memories when reactivated (retrieved) need to be reconsolidated. During this process, memories can be enhanced or weakened. In a preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we tested whether post-reactivation administration of the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol, which reduces reconsolidation of aversive memories in rodents, would reduce the emotional strength of traumatic memories, or conditioned fear responses, in patients with non-combat-related PTSD. Civilian participants described their traumatic event during a "script preparation" session and thereafter received either a combined dose of short- and long-acting propranolol (n=9), or placebo (n=10). A week later, they engaged in script-driven mental imagery of their personal traumatic events, while peripheral physiologic responses were recorded as measures of the emotional strength of the traumatic memory. We found that physiologic responses were significantly smaller in the participants who had received post-reactivation propranolol compared to placebo a week earlier: F(3,15)=5.1, p=.007, η2=.49. The results of this preliminary study are consistent with pharmacologic blockade of reconsolidation of traumatic memories in PTSD. However, several important questions remain unanswered. First, does propranolol also weaken traumatic memories in combat-related PTSD? Second, does this weakening effect only occur when the propranolol is given when combined with traumatic memory reactivation? If not, this would refute the reconsolidation hypothesis and suggest that propranolol affects non-specific mechanisms. Third, how long does the traumatic memory weakening last, i.e., does recovery of the conditioned fear response occur?

Objective/Hypothesis: The first objective is to replicate and extend the finding from the preliminary study to Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans with PTSD by showing that propranolol following combat memory reactivation results in a significantly greater weakening of traumatic combat memories than propranolol alone, supporting the proposition that this weakening is due to pharmacological blockade of memory reconsolidation, rather than non-specific actions of propranolol. We hypothesize that participants who undergo script preparation for the combat event(s) that caused their PTSD, followed by (post-reactivation) propranolol, will show significantly smaller psychophysiologic responses during script-driven imagery testing a week later compared to those who receive (non-reactivation) propranolol two days prior to combat script preparation. The second objective to show that this effect is long-lasting, which would be expected if the underlying mechanism is reduction of the traumatic memory trace by blockade of reconsolidation. We hypothesize that the effect will remain significant when participants undergo follow-up psychophysiologic script-driven imagery testing six months later.

Specific Aim: To perform a controlled, randomized, double-blind study in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with combat-related PTSD that addresses the above hypotheses.

Study Design: Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: post-reactivation propranolol or non-reactivation propranolol. After written informed consent is obtained, participants randomized to the non-reactivation propranolol group will receive a "test" dose of 0.67 mg/kg short-acting propranolol combined with 1 mg/kg long-acting propranolol. Participants randomized to the post-reactivation propranolol group will receive matching placebo capsules. Two days later, all participants will return for an approximate 15-30 minute "script preparation" session, at which time they will describe the details of their traumatic combat event(s) to the Principal Investigator. Participants randomized to the post-reactivation propranolol group will then receive the combined propranolol dose, whereas participants randomized to the non-reactivation propranolol group will receive placebo. Based upon the history obtained during the script preparation session, the Principal Investigator will compose "scripts" approximately 30 seconds in duration portraying each participant's combat events in their own words. Participants will then return for script-driven imagery testing sessions in the psychophysiology laboratory one week and six months later. During each of these sessions, they will undergo recording of heart rate, skin conductance, and corrugator and frontalis electromyogram during a baseline period. They will then listen to a recording of their traumatic scripts and be instructed to imagine the events portrayed as if they were happening again, while physiologic measures are recorded. Responses (change) scores for each physiologic variable for each session will be calculated by subtracting the preceding baseline period mean from the imagery period mean. The physiologic data will be analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) followed by univariate ANOVAs. The hypothesis predicts that at each time period, the physiologic responses of the post-reactivation propranolol group will be significantly smaller than those of the non-reactivation propranolol group.

Relevance: If a traumatic memory undergoes reconsolidation when reactivated, this could re-open the window of opportunity to influence the memory pharmacologically. This could have important implications for the treatment of PTSD. Should the proposed psychophysiologic study confirm that post-reactivation propranolol weakens traumatic combat memories, it would be a relatively short leap to clinical studies of the therapeutic efficacy of this novel modality.

Inclusion Criteria: Afghanistan and Iraq War veterans who have been diagnosed as having combat-related PTSD

Exclusion Criteria:

1. PTSD Checklist (PCL) score (administered at the referring site) ≤ 50;
2. Current, co-existing PTSD of non-combat origin
3. Resting systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg
4. Medical condition that contraindicates the administration of propranolol
5. Previous adverse reaction to, or non-compliance with, a β-adrenergic blocker
6. Presence of drugs of abuse
7. Pregnancy
8. Contraindicating psychiatric condition
9. Initiation of, or change in, psychotropic medication within the two months prior to recruitment
10. Current use of medication that may involve potentially dangerous interactions with propranolol
11. Inability to understand the study's procedures, risks, and side effects, or to otherwise give informed consent for participation
12. Does not understand English

All randomized participants who completed the study.

All randomized participants who received study drug,

Small participant sample due to recruitment difficulties.