Verstärkung Der Therapeutischen Wirkung Von Schlafentzug Durch Modafinil - Eine Doppelblinde, Randomisierte, Placebokontrollierte Monozentrische Studie Der Phase II (Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Sleep Deprivation by Modafinil - a Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Monocentric Phase II Study)
Verstärkung Der Therapeutischen Wirkung Von Schlafentzug Durch Modafinil - Eine Doppelblinde, Randomisierte, Placebokontrollierte Monozentrische Studie Der Phase II (Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Sleep Deprivation by Modafinil - a Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Monocentric Phase II Study)
The study aims to investigate whether the administration of the stimulant modafinil during a 40 hour sleep deprivation period in depressed patients can intensify the antidepressant effect of the sleep deprivation as assessed by a reduction in the Hamilton Depression score (HAMD, 6-item version). We postulate that this also correlates with a reduction of the polysomnographically assessed overall amount of sleep during this period.
In about 60 % of depressed patients, sleep deprivation has an acute therapeutic effect. The effect appears within very few hours; this is different from all other antidepressant treatments. However, in most cases patients relapse after the subsequent night's sleep (Wu & Bunney 1990).
The antidepressant mechanism of action of sleep deprivation is not known as yet; several hypotheses are presented and discussed in various review articles (Wiegand 1995; Kasper & Möller 1996; Wirz-Justice & van den Hoofdakker 1999; Gillin et al. 2001; Ringel & Szuba 2001; Giedke & Schwärzler 2002). At present, the following general hypotheses are most discussed:
Several studies tried to indentify predictors of response to sleep deprivation in order to clarify the mechanism of action. Among clinical predictors is a symptom pattern with "endogenous" or "melancholic" traits and the presence of pronounced diurnal variations of mood, and a behaviour pattern pointing to an elevated level of arousal or activity. Another predictor is a pronounced sleep disturbance during the baseline night. Among the many neuroendocrine and neurohumoral factors which have been studied, only elevated thyroid hormones turned out to be a predictor for response to sleep deprivation. PET and SPECT studies have convergently demonstrated an elevated metabolism in parts of the limbic system (e.g., the anterior cingulum) at baseline in responders. These findings do not yet allow conclusions with respect to the neurotransmitter systems involved.
Wiegand et al. (1993) investigated whether scheduled daytime naps can induce relapses after successful sleep deprivation therapy. The timing of the nap turned out to be a crucial factor; nap sleep duration and sleep structure during naps were less important.
The majority of studies in this field suffers from a methodological problem: there is no objective continuous polysomnographic measurement of sleep. The continuous absence of sleep during the sleep deprivation period is thus not documented. It is known from sleep deprivation studies in healthy probands that during prolonged sleep deprivation, short sleep episodes ("microsleep") occur frequently. Hemmeter et al. (1998) were the first to demonstrate that also in depressed patients undergoing sleep deprivation, microsleep occurs and tends to prevent the antidepressant effect. Data from a recently finished study of our group point into the same direction (partly published in Wiegand et al. 2002).
To further elucidate this question, an experimental procedure appears useful where the occurrence of sleep episodes during the sleep deprivation period is suppressed as far as possible by the vigilance enhancing drug modafinil.
The study aims to investigate whether the administration of modafinil or placebo during a 40 hour sleep deprivation period in depressed patients can intensify the antidepressant effect of the sleep deprivation.
This study is a basic science study that aims to provide information on the therapeutic mechanism of sleep deprivation in depression and on the reoccurence of depressive symptoms in case of intermittent short sleep episodes.
Primary Hypothesis:
There is a significant reduction on the HAMD-6 scale between baseline and 24 h later (at the mornings before and after one night of sleep deprivation)
Secondary Hypotheses:
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: