A strongly positive crossmatch has long been considered an absolute contraindication to kidney transplantation and most patients with anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody never were able to receive a kidney transplant. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in overcoming early antibody-mediated renal allograft injury. Our group has performed more than 200 such transplants providing the possibility of transplant to previously untransplantable patients. Despite our best efforts, transplantation in these patients is still complicated by a high rate of acute humoral rejection (AHR).

Patients included in this study will be those who have demonstrable anti-HLA antibody specific for their living donor. It is our hypothesis that blockade of terminal complement activation at the time of transplant in combination with our current protocols will reduce the incidence of AHR in patients with anti-donor HLA antibody.

The eculizumab dosing regimen was modified from that used in the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and consisted of 1200 mg immediately prior to transplantation, 600 mg on postoperative day 1, and 600 mg weekly thereafter for 4 weeks. At week 4, assessment of DSA levels was performed. Eculizumab was discontinued in patients whose DSA had significantly decreased (B flow crossmatch channel shift<200). In patients with persistently high DSA and thus believed to have continued high risk for AMR, eculizumab treatment continued (1200 mg week 5, and then every 2 weeks). Another DSA assessment was performed at week 9 and eculizumab was discontinued if the B flow crossmatch channel shift was <200.

The eculizumab group were compared to a historical control group consisting of consecutive transplants between 1/1/2005 and 1/10/2017 who met the inclusion criteria. The historical control group had been treated with a similar plasma exchange based protocol without eculizumab.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. 18 years of age

2. Has end stage renal disease (ESRD) and is to receive a kidney transplant from a living donor (LD) to whom he/she has either:

   1. A positive crossmatch requiring pretransplant desensitization (defined as a positive T-cell FCXM of greater than or equal to 300 but less than 450 prior to desensitization, or as a positive B-cell FCXM of > 300 but < 450 prior to desensitization with demonstrable Class II donor specific alloantibody (DSA) on solid-phase assays). Subsequent to desensitization, patient must have, at the time of transplant, a T-cell and B-cell FCXM less than 300; or
   2. A positive crossmatch not requiring desensitization (defined as FCXM between 200 and 299)

3. Willing to comply with the protocol

4. Females of child-bearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test (serum β-HCG) and sexually active females must agree to use a reliable and medically approved method of contraception

5. Willing and able to give written informed consent

6. Vaccinated against Neisseria meningitides (quadrivalent vaccine), Pneumococcus or H. influenzae at least two weeks prior to beginning desensitization

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unstable cardiovascular condition
2. Previous splenectomy
3. Active bacterial or other infection which is clinically significant in the opinion of the investigator
4. Known or suspected hereditary complement deficiency
5. Participation in any other investigational drug study or was exposed to an investigational drug or device within 30 days of randomization
6. Pregnant, breast-feeding, or intending to conceive during the course of the study, including the two month follow-up period after drug discontinuation
7. Known hypersensitivity to the treatment drug or any of its excipients
8. History of illicit drug use or alcohol abuse within the previous year
9. History of meningococcal disease
10. Medical condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, might interfere with the patient's participation in the study, pose an added risk for the patient, or confound the assessment of the patient (e.g. severe cardiovascular or pulmonary disease)
11. Previously been enrolled in this trial.

Only subjects who received eculizumab and were transplanted were included in the baseline characteristics.

1 year