To evaluate the effects of Memantine on non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects about one million people in the United States. It is a common neurological condition that is clinically defined by rigidity (muscle stiffness), bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and tremor. Parkinson's Disease , however, reveals numerous non-motor symptoms that have been underemphasized. Problematic symptoms include varying degrees of dementia, psychosis, diminished assertiveness and confidence, general fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness, problems with blood pressure, sweating, and bladder, and a common yet difficult to define sense of "not feeling well".

Patients were enrolled over 11 months from the Parkinson Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic at Baylor College of Medicine. PD was diagnosed using standard criteria. Specific inclusion criteria were intentionally broad and included both fluctuating and non-fluctuating patients with a UPDRS "motivation" (#4) score of greater or equal to 2. Patients with dementia (MMSE<24) or taking amantadine were excluded.

The patients signed an informed consent approved by the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Review Board and the study was registered on Clinical Trials.gov #NCT00646204. The study was funded by a grant from the Forest Research Institute.

After baseline assessments, patients (N=40) were randomized equally to drug (N=20) and placebo (N=20) groups. This was done by a computerized random number generator by a coordinator not otherwise involved in the study.

Patients completed medical and medication histories, a Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), a battery of neuropsychiatric assessments (see Table 2), global impressions, and adverse events. Patients were not allowed to change other PD medications. The drug/placebo dosing began at 5 mg/day and increased to 5 mg 2x/day, 10 mg / 5 mg, and finally 10 mg 2x/day, in weekly increments. After a safety call (2 weeks after initiation) they returned for identical assessments at week 8. Drug accountability was documented at each visit. An 8-week open label extension was started if desired using the same protocol and assessments.

Tabulations and univariate statistics on difference scores between visits were run using Intercooled Stata V8.0 for windows (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas 77845), and included Student's t-test with equal variances and contingency table analysis using Pearson's Chi-square test. Statistics were done using LOCF. Corrections for multiple comparisons were not done.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects must be between the ages of 18 and 80 inclusive.
2. Each subject must meet standard criteria for PD.
3. All patients on dopaminergic therapy must report benefit. -No other abnormal neurological signs. -No direct or indirect trauma to the nervous system within 3 months preceding the onset of PD. -No convincing evidence of sudden onset or evidence of stepwise deterioration.
4. Subjects must be in generally good health as evidenced by previous medical history and clinical examination.
5. Subjects will be allowed to take any PD medication with the exception of amantadine. They will also be allowed to take medications approved for the use of Alzheimer's disease.
6. Subjects will be required to be on a stable dose of all medications for at least two weeks prior to entry into the study and may not alter these medications throughout the study.
7. If subjects are on an anti-depressant medications, a stable dose of these will be required for at least six weeks prior to entry into the study.
8. Subjects must be accessible by telephone.
9. If the subject is a female of childbearing age, she must have had: a hysterectomy, or tubal ligation, or otherwise be incapable or pregnancy, or have practiced one of the following methods of contraception for at least one month prior to study entry: hormonal contraceptives, spermicide and barrier, intrauterine device, partner sterility.
10. Female of childbearing age must have had a negative urine pregnancy test within one week of study entry. 11. Prior to participation in this study, each subject must sign an informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects who do not meet inclusion criteria.
2. Subjects who are not able to abstain from alcohol for 24 hours prior to each evaluation.
3. Subjects who can not maintain an identical dose of any medicine that may affect PD symptoms or signs during their entire study involvement.
4. Subjects who have exhibited meaningful psychiatric disease not thought to be related to PD. (Depression and psychosis typical for PD will not be excluded). 5. Subjects who have previously taken memantine.

6. Subjects currently taking Amantadine. 7. Subjects with greater than moderate dementia (MMSE<24). 8. Subjects with co-morbid disease that in the investigators decision could interfere with treatment with memantine.

No individual data available

Parallel Assignment Design. Patients were randomized for treatment with memantine or placebo, titrated over 4 weeks. UPDRS section I or II (primary endpoint), then Epworth sleepiness scale, fatigue severity scale, Hamilton depression scale, or Conner adult inventory secondary endpoints at end of treatment periods for both drug and placebo.

Consent to end of study (24 weeks)

The number of participants at risk for All-Cause Morality is 40, though most Parkinson's Disease patient do not die from Parkinson's Disease, they die from additional symptoms that develop.