Clofarabine, Cytarabine, and G-CSF in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Dose Escalation Study of Clofarabine in Combination With Cytarabine (Ara-C) and G-CSF Priming for Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Patients

RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as clofarabine and cytarabine, work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or stopping them from dividing. Colony stimulating factors, such as G-CSF, may increase the number of immune cells found in bone marrow or peripheral blood and may help the immune system recover from the side effects of chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: This phase I trial is studying the side effects and best dose of clofarabine to see how well it works when given together with cytarabine and G-CSF in treating patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the maximum tolerated dose of clofarabine, and the dose-limiting toxicities of the combination of clofarabine and cytarabine with G-CSF priming, in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory AML.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the hematological and non-hematological side effect profile of the combination of clofarabine, cytarabine, and G-CSF.

II. To determine the efficacy of clofarabine in combination with cytarabine and G-CSF priming in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory AML.

III. To determine the disease-free and overall survival after therapy with clofarabine, cytarabine, and G-CSF for relapsed or refractory AML.

OUTLINE: This is a dose escalation study of clofarabine.

PART I:

INDUCTION THERAPY: Patients receive clofarabine IV over 1 hour and cytarabine IV over 2 hours on days 1-5, and filgrastim (G-CSF) subcutaneously once daily beginning 24 hours prior to chemotherapy and continuing until blood count recover. Patients with residual leukemia (>= 5% blasts by morphology) at day 14 and if blast remain > 5% by day 21 receive a second course of induction therapy.

CONSOLIDATION THERAPY: Patients receive clofarabine, cytarabine, and G-CSF as in induction therapy. Patients may receive a second course of consolidation therapy depending on response and whether additional therapy (e.g., stem cell transplant or donor lymphocyte infusion) is planned.

PARTS II and III:

Patients receive induction therapy and consolidation therapy as in part 1.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed every 3 months for 2 years and then annually for 3 years.

Inclusion Criteria:

• ECOG performance status 0-2
• Capable of understanding the investigational nature, potential risks and benefits of the study, and able to provide valid informed consent
• Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 2 weeks prior to enrollment
• Male and female patients must be willing to use an effective contraceptive method during the study and for a minimum of 6 months after study treatment
• Serum Total or Direct bilirubin =< 1.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN)
• Aspartate transaminase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT) =< 2.5 times ULN
• Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia by WHO criteria, either relapsed or refractory; acute promyelocytic leukemia [acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)(q22;q12) and variants] would be eligible only after failure of a regimen containing arsenic trioxide
• Serum creatinine =< 1.0 mg/dL; if serum creatinine > 1.0 mg/dl, then the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) must be >60 mL/min/1.73 m^2
• Alkaline phosphatase =< 2.5 times ULN

Exclusion Criteria:

• Use of investigational agents within 30 days or initiation of any other anticancer therapy within 2 weeks before study entry with the exception of hydroxyurea, and intrathecal therapy for leukemic meningitis
• Patients with a systemic fungal, bacterial, viral, or other infection not controlled (defined as exhibiting ongoing signs/symptoms related to the infection and without improvement, despite appropriate antibiotics or other treatment)
• Pregnant or lactating patients
• Any significant concurrent disease, illness, or psychiatric disorder that would compromise patient safety or compliance, interfere with consent, study participation, follow up, or interpretation of study results
• Have any other severe concurrent disease, history of serious organ dysfunction, or disease involving the heart, kidney, liver (including symptomatic hepatitis, veno-occlusive disease, or hepatic graft-versus-host disease [for acute >= grade 2]), or other organ system dysfunction
• No concomitant cytotoxic therapy or investigational therapy is allowed during the study with the exception of intrathecal therapy for leukemic meningitis; intrathecal therapy must not be given during or within 24 hours of any 5 day Clofarabine/Cytarabine treatment period
• To the extent possible, use of nephrotoxic (e.g., vancomycin, amphotericin B, etc) and hepatotoxic (e.g., voriconazole, cyclosporine, etc) agents is to be avoided during clofarabine; use of alternative medications (e.g., herbal or botanical for anticancer purposes) is not permitted during the entire study period
• Current concomitant chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy other than as specified in the protocol
• More than two failed induction attempts for initial diagnosis or current relapse; for patients enrolled under part III of the protocol, patients must be at first salvage after relapse less than one year from complete remission, or salvage after initial induction chemotherapy
• Allogeneic transplant recipients on immunosuppression or on treatment for GVHD