Human Milk Fortifier and Cytokine Profile

Alterations in the Cytokine Profile of Premature Infants After Human Milk Fortifier

This is a research study investigating if adding human milk fortifier to a preterm babies breast milk feedings affects the baby's immune system.

In very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and preterm infants human milk fortifier (HMF) is often added to breast milk feedings in order to add extra calories, vitamins, and minerals. It is well known that breast milk feedings are easier to digest and have immune benefits compared to formula feedings. Cytokines, marker of immune function, can be found in blood, stool, and breast milk. This study involves collection of blood and stool samples to monitor cytokines. The purpose of this study is to understand whether human milk fortifier alters infants' cytokines.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Infants born weighing less than 1500 grams
• exclusive breast milk feedings with intention to fortify with human milk fortifier

Exclusion Criteria:

• positive blood culture
• history of necrotizing enterocolitis
• significant lung disease at the start of the study