Physician management was provided during fifteen to twenty minute sessions by Internal Medicine physicians with experience providing buprenorphine. Sessions occurred weekly for the first two weeks, every two weeks for the next four weeks, then monthly. During physician management the physician followed a structured note that reviewed the patient's recent drug use, provided brief advice on how to achieve or maintain abstinence, supported efforts to reduce drug use or remain abstinent, reviewed medical and psychiatric complaints, assessed social, work and legal function, discussed weekly urine toxicology results and reviewed attendance at self-help groups.

In addition to receiving Physician Management identical to the Physician Management only condition, patients were offered up to 12, 50-minute weekly sessions during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy was provided by masters- and doctoral-level clinicians who were trained to competence using a manual adapted from the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence. To ensure fidelity, all sessions were audio- or video-taped, and clinicians underwent weekly supervision. The main components of counseling focused on a functional analysis of behavior, behavioral activation, identifying and coping with drug cravings, enhancing drug-refusal skills, enhancing decision making about high-risk situations and improve problem-solving skills.

Physician management was provided during fifteen to twenty minute sessions by Internal Medicine physicians with experience providing buprenorphine. Sessions occurred weekly for the first two weeks, every two weeks for the next four weeks, then monthly. During physician management the physician followed a structured note that reviewed the patient's recent drug use, provided brief advice on how to achieve or maintain abstinence, supported efforts to reduce drug use or remain abstinent, reviewed medical and psychiatric complaints, assessed social, work and legal function, discussed weekly urine toxicology results and reviewed attendance at self-help groups.

In addition to receiving Physician Management identical to the Physician Management only condition, patients were offered up to 12, 50-minute weekly sessions during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy was provided by masters- and doctoral-level clinicians who were trained to competence using a manual adapted from the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence. To ensure fidelity, all sessions were audio- or video-taped, and clinicians underwent weekly supervision. The main components of counseling focused on a functional analysis of behavior, behavioral activation, identifying and coping with drug cravings, enhancing drug-refusal skills, enhancing decision making about high-risk situations and improve problem-solving skills.

Physician management was provided during fifteen to twenty minute sessions by Internal Medicine physicians with experience providing buprenorphine. Sessions occurred weekly for the first two weeks, every two weeks for the next four weeks, then monthly. During physician management the physician followed a structured note that reviewed the patient's recent drug use, provided brief advice on how to achieve or maintain abstinence, supported efforts to reduce drug use or remain abstinent, reviewed medical and psychiatric complaints, assessed social, work and legal function, discussed weekly urine toxicology results and reviewed attendance at self-help groups.

In addition to receiving Physician Management identical to the Physician Management only condition, patients were offered up to 12, 50-minute weekly sessions during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy was provided by masters- and doctoral-level clinicians who were trained to competence using a manual adapted from the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence. To ensure fidelity, all sessions were audio- or video-taped, and clinicians underwent weekly supervision. The main components of counseling focused on a functional analysis of behavior, behavioral activation, identifying and coping with drug cravings, enhancing drug-refusal skills, enhancing decision making about high-risk situations and improve problem-solving skills.

Mixed Model Analysis to evaluate interaction of group by time.

Physician management was provided during fifteen to twenty minute sessions by Internal Medicine physicians with experience providing buprenorphine. Sessions occurred weekly for the first two weeks, every two weeks for the next four weeks, then monthly. During physician management the physician followed a structured note that reviewed the patient's recent drug use, provided brief advice on how to achieve or maintain abstinence, supported efforts to reduce drug use or remain abstinent, reviewed medical and psychiatric complaints, assessed social, work and legal function, discussed weekly urine toxicology results and reviewed attendance at self-help groups.

In addition to receiving Physician Management identical to the Physician Management only condition, patients were offered up to 12, 50-minute weekly sessions during the first 12 weeks of treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy was provided by masters- and doctoral-level clinicians who were trained to competence using a manual adapted from the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine dependence. To ensure fidelity, all sessions were audio- or video-taped, and clinicians underwent weekly supervision. The main components of counseling focused on a functional analysis of behavior, behavioral activation, identifying and coping with drug cravings, enhancing drug-refusal skills, enhancing decision making about high-risk situations and improve problem-solving skills.

Mixed Model Analysis to evaluate interaction of group by time.