Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic agent that has shown preliminary evidence of efficacy for improving symptoms of cocaine and alcohol withdrawal in pilot studies. Since the neurobiology of alcohol, cocaine and nicotine withdrawal is similar, the preliminary evidence of efficacy of gabapentin for symptoms of alcohol and cocaine withdrawal suggests, that gabapentin might likely help nicotine withdrawal symptoms and thus tobacco abstinence. The effect of gabapentin on two of the neurotransmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate further suggest a potential therapeutic mechanism for gabapentin in tobacco abstinence. However, the exact mechanism of action of gabapentin is currently not known. We have recently completed an open label pilot trial of gabapentin for tobacco abstinence involving 50 smokers. The findings from that study provide promising preliminary results and suggest that further testing of gabapentin for helping cigarette smokers quit tobacco use is worth pursuing. Overall, gabapentin is well tolerated and has low abuse potential.

Our goal is to evaluate novel, safe, acceptable, and effective therapies that may help increase tobacco abstinence rates. Currently, no randomized trials testing the efficacy of gabapentin for smoking abstinence have been published. While our previous study provides promising evidence regarding the potential efficacy of gabapentin for smoking abstinence, an additional dose ranging study is needed prior to pursuing a large randomized trial. The primary aim of the dose ranging study will be to obtain additional evidence of efficacy, and information on the optimal dose of gabapentin to employ in the larger randomized controlled trial.

A total of 120 participants will be recruited in this study and randomly assigned to one of the three groups. Participants in group A will receive gabapentin 1800-mg/day orally for 12-weeks while participants in group B will receive gabapentin 2700-mg/day orally for 12-weeks. Participants in group C will receive a matching placebo for the same duration. We have selected this dose regimen based on our experience with using gabapentin in the pilot study. The present study is designed as a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel-group, dose-ranging, phase II clinical trial. In addition to receiving gabapentin or placebo, all subjects will receive a brief behavioral counseling intervention during participation in the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Are between 18 to 65 years of age
2. Have smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for the past 1 year or more
3. Are willing to make a quit attempt
4. Are able to participate fully in all aspects of the study; and
5. Have been provided with, understand, and have signed the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Meet diagnostic criteria for current major depressive disorder or lifetime history of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Patients with mild or moderate depressive symptoms as assessed by the CES-D and determined by the physician, but who do not meet current diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, will be included
2. Are currently (within past 30 days) using antipsychotics, or antidepressants
3. Are currently (in previous 30 days) using any tobacco treatment program (i.e., behavioral therapy, nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion SR, clonidine, or nortriptyline)
4. Have used an investigational drug within the 30 days prior to enrolling in this study
5. Have recent history (in the past year) of alcohol abuse or dependence as assessed by the CAGE questionnaire and study investigators
6. Have a recent history of drug abuse as assessed by the Drug Abuse Screening Test 20 (DAST-20) and physician interview
7. Are pregnant, lactating, or of child bearing potential, likely to become pregnant during the medication phase and not willing to use contraception. The following birth control measures are acceptable: birth control pills, approved intra-uterine contraceptive devices, the use of two combined barrier methods (diaphragm with spermicide or condom with spermicide), injections, surgical sterilization and abstinence
8. Have a history of any major cardio-vascular events in the past 6 months including unstable angina, acute MI or coronary angioplasty
9. Have clinically significant acute or chronic progressive or unstable neurologic (myasthenia gravis), hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, respiratory (bronchospastic disease) or metabolic disease
10. Are currently on the following prescribed medications known to interact with gabapentin and unable to stop them during the study: Maalox®, cimetidine and morphine. Patients will be cautioned not to use sedatives (such as benzodiazepines, antihistamines, anti-cholinergics, trazodone, zaleplon, anti-psychotics, barbiturates, opiates, zolpidem and eszopiclone) during the study
11. Have another house-hold member or relative participating in the study
12. Have known allergy to gabapentin or its constituents; and
13. Are professional drivers or operators of heavy machinery and unable to refrain from these activities during the medication phase of the study.

All adverse events were collected for the duration of the treatment phase (up to 12 weeks following start of medication). SERIOUS adverse events were collected for the duration of the study (6 months).

The original intent was to enroll a total of 120 subjects. However, due to the high study dropout rate, a review of the primary endpoint was performed after 80 subjects were enrolled and a decision was made to discontinue further enrollment.