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The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a relationship between spasticity and relative changes in Basal Energy Expenditure in persons with spinal cord injury.
Obesity is at epidemic proportions in the population with spinal cord injury (SCI), and is likely the mediator of the metabolic syndrome in this special population. Recent literature reviews have suggested that obesity is present in > 67% of persons with SCI. Additionally, recent studies have demonstrated the causal relationship between adipose tissue accumulation and vascular inflammation, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance / glucose intolerance, hypertension and thromboemboli.
Obesity in SCI occurs because of acute and ongoing positive energy balance, i.e., greater caloric intake than energy expenditure. Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) in SCI is reduced primarily because of muscular atrophy and diminished muscular contraction; pharmacological treatment of spasticity possibly reduces energy expenditure (EE) even further, but has not been evaluated to date. TDEE is comprised of three components: Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE), Thermic Effect of Activity (TEA) and Thermic Effect of Food (TEF). Of the three, BEE contributes the greatest amount (65-75% TDEE) and is the most sensitive to changes in spasticity.
Dampening spasticity has been reported to increase weight gain and necessitate reduced caloric intake in a child with spastic quadriplegia. Similarly, athetosis in patients with cerebral palsy increased resting metabolic rate (RMR) as compared to control subjects with no athetotic movements. Although several studies have reported energy requirements for persons with neurodevelopmental disabilities, and even SCI, however, none have attempted to measure the metabolic effect of spasticity.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Experimental | Weaning of Spasticity Medication over a three day period while measuring Modified Ashworth Scale and Penn Spasm Frequency Score. Then titration of medication back to previous dose over a three day period. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weaning of Antispasticity Medication | Other | Weaning of antispasticity medication over a three day period and then titration back to previous dose over a three day period. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Increase in Basal Energy Expenditure | 7 days |
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Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| David R Gater, MD, PhD | McGuire VA Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| David X Cifu, MD | VCU Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McGuire VA Medical Center | Richmond | Virginia | 23249 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12540396 | Background | Buchholz AC, McGillivray CF, Pencharz PB. Differences in resting metabolic rate between paraplegic and able-bodied subjects are explained by differences in body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb;77(2):371-8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.2.371. | |
| 17543776 | Background | Gater DR Jr. Obesity after spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007 May;18(2):333-51, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2007.03.004. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009128 | Muscle Spasticity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D009122 | Muscle Hypertonia |
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
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| 15273892 | Background | Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr. The relationship between energy expenditure and lean tissue in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004 Jan-Feb;41(1):1-8. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2004.01.0001. |
| 11305407 | Background | Hemingway C, McGrogan J, Freeman JM. Energy requirements of spasticity. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001 Apr;43(4):277-8. doi: 10.1017/s0012162201000524. |
| 10067660 | Background | Dickerson RN, Brown RO, Gervasio JG, Hak EB, Hak LJ, Williams JE. Measured energy expenditure of tube-fed patients with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Feb;18(1):61-8. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1999.10718828. |
| 3999162 | Background | Cox SA, Weiss SM, Posuniak EA, Worthington P, Prioleau M, Heffley G. Energy expenditure after spinal cord injury: an evaluation of stable rehabilitating patients. J Trauma. 1985 May;25(5):419-23. |
| 9300966 | Background | Rodriguez DJ, Benzel EC, Clevenger FW. The metabolic response to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1997 Sep;35(9):599-604. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3100439. |
| 1907682 | Background | Rodriguez DJ, Clevenger FW, Osler TM, Demarest GB, Fry DE. Obligatory negative nitrogen balance following spinal cord injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1991 May-Jun;15(3):319-22. doi: 10.1177/0148607191015003319. |
| 3809245 | Background | Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987 Feb;67(2):206-7. doi: 10.1093/ptj/67.2.206. |
| 3382141 | Background | Penn RD. Intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;531:157-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31822.x. No abstract available. |
| 29472754 | Background | Gorgey AS, Gater DR Jr. Prevalence of Obesity After Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007 Spring;12(4):1-7. doi: 10.1310/sci1204-1. |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |