This study will test whether botulinum toxin (Botox) may relieve the uncomfortable sensations patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) experience. RLS is a common movement disorder that causes sensory discomfort and restlessness, most often in the legs, which improves with movement. Although medications are available to treat the disorder, many people experience side effects that prevent them from continuing on the medication. The Food and Drug Administration has approved Botox for other movement disorders and for some cosmetic uses.

People 18 years of age or older with moderate to severe RLS who have been taking RLS medications for more than 6 weeks before entering the study may be eligible to participate. Candidates are screened with a medical history, physical and neurological examinations, blood tests and, for women who can become pregnant, a urine pregnancy test.

Participants are randomly assigned to receive injections of either Botox or placebo (salt water) into up to nine areas of the legs. The correct location of the muscles to be injected is determined by electromyography (EMG), a test that measures the electrical activity of muscles. For surface EMG, electrodes (small metal disks) are filled with a conductive gel and taped to the skin. Needle EMG involves inserting a needle into a muscle. Both methods are used in this study.

At 2 and 4 weeks after the injections, subjects are interviewed by telephone and asked to describe their symptoms, side effects and any improvement they may have noticed. After 12 weeks they return to NIH for injections with the alternate compound; that is, those who received Botox previously are given placebo for the second set of injections, and vice-versa. Subjects are again contacted by telephone 2 and 4 weeks after the injections to report their symptoms, side effects and benefits.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A, (BoNT) for the treatment of primary Restless legs syndrome (RLS). We hypothesize that BoNT will be effective at decreasing the deep sensory discomfort of RLS.

STUDY POPULATION:

This protocol is a proof of principle double-blind randomized placebo-BoNT crossover outpatient pilot study of 6 patients diagnosed with moderate to very severe primary RLS.

DESIGN:

All subjects will be evaluated at the NIH Clinical Center by a study investigator to determine eligibility for participation in this protocol. We will obtain a complete medical history, and perform a neurological examination, along with laboratory screening studies. Subjects eligible to participate will receive baseline ratings using the Restless Legs Rating Scale (RLS-RS). Subjects will then be randomized to receive electromyography (EMG)-guided injections of up to 90 units of BoNT or an equivalent volume of saline in each lower extremity, in symptomatic muscles. Subjects will then receive follow up ratings at week 2 and 4 following each injection. Twelve weeks after receiving the first injection, subjects will crossover to receive the alternative compound with similar follow up ratings.

OUTCOME MEASURES:

The primary outcome measure will be mean change from baseline at 4 weeks post-injection on the RLS-RS for placebo and BoNT, while the other pre specified outcomes will evaluate patient reported Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) scores for each group, duration of effect, and adverse events. Only descriptive statistics will be performed on this limited data sample.

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:
• Age 18 or older.
• Diagnosed with primary RLS based on presence of a characteristic clinical history and the International restless legs syndrome study group (IRLSSG) diagnostic criteria.
• A minimum score of 11 on the RLS rating scale (this is equivalent to a minimum rating of moderate severity).
• If subjects are on medications for RLS, the medication regimen must be stabilized for greater than 6 weeks prior to entering the study.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Subjects with any abnormal findings on neurological exam.
• Subjects with a dermatologic disorder that precludes injections in the legs.
• Subjects with a positive urine pregnancy test.
• Subjects without the capacity to give informed consent.
• Subjects taking aminoglycosides, chloroquine, clindamycin, hydroxychloroquine, magnesium sulfate, quinidine, or an anticoagulant.
• Subjects with abnormal clinical chemistry, hematology or urine drug screen by laboratory testing.