This study will use MRI imaging, cognitive testing and outcome questionnaires to determine how the brain recovers and reorganizes after an injury.

The extent of recovery from brain injury is often difficult to predict because of our limited understanding of how the brain changes as it heals. New brain imaging methods may help in this regard. One imaging technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has made it possible to study the brain "at work"; that is, we can see regions of the brain that are active during particular tasks such as focusing attention, making decisions, or remembering words and pictures. Another MRI method called diffusion tensor imaging provides information on the pathways between brain regions that may be altered with brain injury.

The goals of this research are to 1) determine the brain regions involved in making accurate judgments about one's abilities and disabilities after a brain injury and whether damage to these brain areas affects outcome; and 2) examine how recovery of cognitive and physical abilities relates to changes in brain function over time. In order to accomplish the first goal we will recruit Veterans who have sustained a head injury and matched control subjects. For the second goal, we are asking patients and controls who have previously participated in brain injury research with our lab to come back for another visit at three years post-injury.

Inclusion Criteria:

• History of traumatic brain injury at least 12 months prior to enrollment
• Control Group: No history of traumatic brain injury

Exclusion Criteria:

• Claustrophobia
• Metallic or electronic implants or devices that are not MRI-safe
• Foreign metal, such as shrapnel, in the body

Veterans will be recruited through the Middleton VA Hospital in Madison, WI. Civilian participants will be recruited from a previous study led by Dr. Johnson.