Failure to recruit in expected time period.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of serious long-term disability. Approximately 50% of the 750,000 people affected by stroke each year have residual physical impairment. Treatment options for recovery are limited at this time. Sildenafil (Viagra) has demonstrated the capability of significantly improving recovery in several animal experiments of stroke. This study is aiming to establish the safety of treatment with sildenafil in people with stroke with the ultimate aim of testing its usefulness to improve recovery.

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the United States. Approximately 15-30% of stroke survivors are permanently disabled. Twenty eight percent of stroke patients are under age 65 which results in a loss of work income. While many restorative therapies are touted as promising for the treatment of ischemic stroke, to date none are approved for this purpose. Sildenafil (Viagra®), a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, has been shown to reduce mortality and improve the functional outcomes of young and aged rats when administered 24 hours and 7 days after stroke onset. Such results are encouraging and warrant further investigation in human stroke.

The specific aims of this study are to assess the safety of treating ischemic stroke patients with sildenafil (Viagra®) and to evaluate their outcomes at day 90. This will be a phase I dose-escalation study with cohort sizes of 12 patients (depending on the occurrence of serious adverse events). A total enrollment of 120 patients is planned. Patients who are between 4 and 7 days from stroke onset will receive 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 mg daily of sildenafil for a period of 14 days. Of the 120 patients, 24 will be randomly selected to receive standard treatment but will not receive sildenafil. All patients and physicians will be aware of treatment assignment. Evaluation of potential toxicity will be monitored throughout the course of treatment and during a formal visit at day 16 after initiation of treatment. Plasma monitoring of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) will be made prior to treatment, at days 7, 16, 30, 60, and 90. Measurements of NIHSS scores, Rankin scores, and Barthel indices will be made at days 30, 60, and 90. Patients will also be assessed for color vision changes and sexual function during day 16 and day 90 visits. There will be every other day phone calls to patients while on treatment. The primary outcome measure will be death, recurrent stroke, and myocardial infarction during treatment. Exploratory analysis will include functional outcomes as measured on the neurological scales, and changes in VEGF levels in relation to clinical outcome.

The long-term objective is to identify a safe and easily administered treatment that improves functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with ischemic stroke between 4 and 7 days after symptom onset.
• Patients age 18-80 years old.
• NIHSS score of 5-21 prior to treatment (within each cohort, there will be no more than 4 patients with NIHSS < 9 and no fewer than 4 patients with NIHSS > 11).
• Signed IRB-approved informed consent by patient or authorized representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

General:

• Participation in another study with an investigational drug or device.
• Women known to be pregnant, lactating, or of childbearing potential with a positive urine beta-HCG.
• Patients who cannot receive oral medications.
• Patients using sildenafil or other phosphodiesterase inhibitors within the previous 7 days of stroke.

Safety Related:

• Unstable angina.
• Myocardial infarction within 3 months.
• Current use of nitrate agents.
• Current use of alpha-channel antagonists.
• Current use of medications that inhibit the cytochrome p450 3A4 system. These medications include: amiodarone, aprepitant, bosentan, cimetidine, cisapride, clarithromycin, delavirdine, diltiazem, efavirenz, erythromycin, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, grapefruit juice, imatinib, itraconazole, ketoconazole,loratadine, mibefradil, mifepristone (RU-486), niacin, nefazodone, quinidine, quinine, ritonavir, saquinavir, tacrolimus, verapamil, voriconazole.
• St. John's Wort and phenytoin (inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4)
• Baseline systolic blood pressure less than 100 mmHg.
• Penile deformities.
• Creatinine > 1.5.
• Abnormal liver function studies.
• Patients with a previous history of sudden monocular vision loss Potentially Interfering with Outcomes Assessment:
• Prior history of dementia.
• Patients without fixed address or those deemed unlikely to present for follow-up by the investigator.
• Patients whose life expectancy is less than 90 days.
• Pre-stroke modified Rankin score > 2.
• Glucose greater than or equal to 400 mg/dL at presentation.
• Other serious illness (e.g., severe hepatic, cardiac, or renal failure; acute myocardial infarction; or a complex disease that may confound treatment assessment).
• Previous stroke or TIA within 30 days.
• Allergy or hypersensitivity to sildenafil or other phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
• History of sudden monocular visual disturbance.
• History of sudden unilateral hearing problem.

Imaging Related:

• Evidence of primary intraparenchymal hemorrhage on initial neuroimaging study.
• Neuroimaging evidence of nonvascular cause for the neurological symptoms.