Buprenorphine (BPN) is an approved treatment for opioid dependence, however, in taking oral tablets, patients experience withdrawal and cravings when the variable BPN levels in the blood are low. Probuphine is an implant placed just beneath the skin that contains BPN. It is designed to provide 6 months of stable BPN blood levels. This study will test the safety and efficacy of Probuphine in the treatment of patients with opioid dependence.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Voluntarily provide written informed consent prior to the conduct of any study related procedures
• Male or female, 18-65 years of age
• Meet DSM-IV criteria for current opioid dependence
• Females of childbearing potential and fertile males must use a reliable means of contraception

Exclusion Criteria:

• Current diagnosis of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Presence of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels ≥ 3 X upper limit of normal and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels ≥ 3 X upper limit of normal and/or total bilirubin ≥ 1.5 X upper limit of normal and/or creatinine ≥ 1.5 X upper limit of normal
• Received treatment for opioid dependence (e.g., methadone, BPN), within the previous 90 days
• Current diagnosis of chronic pain requiring opioids for treatment
• Candidates for only short term opioid treatment or opioid detoxification therapy
• Pregnant or lactating females
• Previous hypersensitivity or allergy to BPN- or EVA-containing substances or naloxone
• Current use of agents metabolized through CYP 3A4 such as azole antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole), macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir, indinavir, and saquinavir)
• Current anti-coagulant therapy (such as warfarin) or an INR > 1.2
• Meet DSM-IV criteria for current dependence on any other psychoactive substances other than opioids or nicotine (e.g., alcohol, sedatives)
• Current use of benzodiazepines other than physician prescribed use
• Significant medical or psychiatric symptoms or dementia which in the opinion of the Investigators would preclude compliance with the protocol, patient safety, adequate cooperation in the study, or obtaining informed consent
• Concurrent medical conditions (such as severe respiratory insufficiency) that may prevent the patient from safely participating in study; and/or any pending legal action that could prohibit participation and/or compliance in study
• Participated in a clinical study within the previous 8 weeks