This study will evaluate the long-term effects of a prenatal and early childhood home nurse visitation program for socially disadvantaged women and their children.

Nearly half a million children are born each year to single, low-income mothers. Children born to socially disadvantaged mothers are more likely to experience chronic health problems, encounter child abuse and neglect, and receive insufficient health care. Home visitation by nurses during pregnancy and early childhood may prevent a wide range of health and developmental problems in children born to women who are either teenagers, unmarried, or of low economic status.

This study is associated with a home nurse visitation program that first began with 400 socially disadvantaged pregnant women between the years of 1977 and 1980 in an upstate New York semi-rural county. Participants in the original study were randomly assigned to participate in the home nurse visitation program or receive comparison services from pregnancy until the child's second birthday. Participants assigned to receive comparison services were provided with free transportation for prenatal and child care, as well as sensory and developmental screening for the child. Participants assigned to the home nurse visitation program were visited at home by a nurse 9 times during pregnancy and 23 times during the child's first 2 years of life. A follow-up study concluded that the home nurse visitation program reduced the number subsequent pregnancies, use of welfare, child abuse and neglect, and criminal behavior on the part of the socially disadvantaged mothers for up to 15 years after the birth of their first child.

This follow-up study will determine whether a home nurse visitation program has continued long-term effects on a child's health and development, 27 years later. Specifically, this study will evaluate whether the nurse-visited young adult offspring differ from the comparison group in their economic productivity; rates of child abuse and neglect; criminal behavior; mental health; abuse of substances; use of welfare, foster care, and healthcare in relation to government expenditures; and quality of their partnered relationships. Participants within the nurse-visited program group will be compared with each other to determine whether certain characteristics or factors, such as genetic vulnerabilities, environmental risks, or a history of child abuse, make someone less likely to benefit from a home nurse visitation program.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Offspring of mothers who had participated in Elmira, N.Y. randomized clinical trial of prenatal and infant/toddler home visiting by nurses.
• Participants needed to be at least 27 years of age.

We plan to share individual participant data once the primary reports on this phase of the trial are published. This includes baseline data on maternal characteristics at registration during pregnancy and outcome data on primary outcomes for offspring participants at the 27-year follow-up. Data will be made available through the University of Michigan Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). We anticipate archiving the data from this study with ICPSR by March 2018

Assessors were masked to original treatment assignments.