Development of a safe and effective vaccine against leishmaniasis started more than 10 years ago under WHO/TDR supervision. An autoclaved L. major vaccine (ALM) mixed with BCG has been tested in human in Iran, Pakistan and Sudan. Long term follow up of the vaccinees showed no untoward reactions except the skin reaction at the site of injection. The efficacy results of ALM was not satisfactory. In order to enhance immunogenicity of the vaccine, ALM was adsorbed to alum (Aluminum hydroxide). Alum-ALM plus adjuvant showed to induce protection in Rhesus monkeys against cutaneous leishmaniasis and in Languor monkeys against visceral leishmaniasis. Two trials of a single injection of different doses of Alum-ALM mixed with 1/10th of normal dose of BCG was carried out in healthy volunteers from a non endemic area of Sudan. The safety/immunogenicity parameters of the volunteers were closely monitored and the results showed that side effects were minimal and confined to the site of injection in the form of mild local pain, induration and ulceration, all associated with BCG vaccination. The immunogenicity results showed the strongest immune response seen in any Leishmania vaccine trials so far. It seems that this new formulation is an appropriate candidate for further development. Inoculation with live virulent Leishmania to produce a lesion for the purpose of preventing natural infection is known as leishmanization. The induced lesion heals and the person is usually protected against further infections. This method of prevention was practiced for centuries in the region. In this study volunteers with response to leishmanin will be injected twice (30 days apart) with Alum-ALM 200 ug + 1/10 of BCG (n = 50) or diluent alone (n = 50) as control. All volunteers will be leishmanized on day 60 post vaccination. In this trial, volunteers are protected either by vaccine or by leishmanization. The leishmanized volunteers will be visited by weekly and the development and healing process of the lesion will be monitored until complete healing of every volunteer. The immune responses of the volunteers will be evaluated. Vaccine efficacy is defined by the percent reduction in the number of volunteers developing a lesion following leishmanization as compared to controls on days 240.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Men or women age between 16 to 60 years.
• Generally in good health.
• No known immunological deficiency, including HIV infection (by medical history).
• No fever at the time of vaccination i.e. oral body temperature <37.5°C.
• No history/suspicion/presence of kala-azar or cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL).
• No history of leishmanization.
• No history of vaccination against leishmaniasis.
• No involvement in other drug or vaccine trial(s) during the study period.
• No other known or planned vaccination within 1 month prior to the study and during the study period.
• No current or foreseeable use of immunosuppressors (i.e. corticosteroids) within one month prior to the vaccination and during the period of the study.
• No known allergy to a vaccine component (e.g. BCG, alum hydroxide, etc.).
• Written informed consent provided. If the volunteer is under 18 years old, the legal guardian's signature is required on the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy.
• Women should not be pregnant and/or lactating and/or planning pregnancy throughout the study period until complete healing of the lesion induced by vaccination and/or leishmanization.
• A urinary pregnancy test will be performed for all women of child bearing potential at entry and adequate contraception throughout the study should be used if applicable.
• Evidence of prior CL or leishmaniasis (e.g. sign of scar resembling leishmaniasis, confirmed by physical examination).
• Evidence of serious diseases, allergy or allergic conditions leading to medical consultation and treatment especially with steroids or levamisole, recent surgery or hospitalisation, according to the physical examination and medical history interview.
• Presence of any chronic illness/disease including diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy and hypertension.
• Abnormal haematology and clinical chemistry (See Sections 8.1.2.1 and 8.1.2.2 for normal ranges of laboratory values).
• Presence of fever at the time of vaccination, i.e. body temperature (by mouth) > 37.5°C.