The purpose of this study is to evaluate the growth of the lung and how easily gas can be taken up by the lung in healthy infants born at full term without any breathing problems and infants born prematurely.

SPECIFIC AIM #1:

Determine the relationship between parenchymal tissue and alveolar volume with normal lung growth early in life.

We hypothesize that during the first two years of life that parenchymal surface area and alveolar volume increase with somatic growth; however, the ratio of surface area to volume remains constant, while ventilation within the lung becomes more homogenous.

SPECIFIC AIM #2:

Determine the pulmonary sequelae of premature birth and assess the effectiveness of early treatment strategies upon the pulmonary sequelae.

We hypothesize that premature birth impedes growth and development of the lung parenchyma and the airways. In addition, initiating continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and a permissive ventilatory strategy in very premature infants at birth will improve lung growth and lung function compared to treatment with early surfactant and conventional ventilation.

Inclusion Criteria:

Group 1:

• 37 weeks or greater gestational age
• Age 2 to 36 months

Group 2:

• 37 weeks or greater gestational age having a CT scan for non-respiratory issues.
• Age 2-36 months

Group 3:

• 23-35 weeks gestational age

Exclusion Criteria:

Group 1 and Group 2:

• Congenital cardio-respiratory disease
• Hospitalization for respiratory illness
• Treatment with asthma medications
• Small for gestational age at birth

Group 3:

• Congenital cardio-respiratory disease
• Severe developmental delay

The study population will be selected from Infant Lung Disease Clinics at Riley Hospital, flyer in the community, and the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Riley Hospial for Children, Indiana University and Methodist Hospital.