The aim of this clinical research project is to evaluate the use of the recombinant human activated factor VII (rhFVIIa), given as a salvage therapy, in women with a dramatic postpartum hemorrhage still ongoing after all the currently available medical and surgical treatments. We are going to compare its early use, before elective surgery or arterial embolization, to its late use, after embolization or surgery, before salvage hysterectomy.

Depending on the country and the publications, postpartum hemorrhage is either the first or the second cause of maternal death in the world, including developed countries. According to the WHO, it is responsible for twenty two percent of maternal deaths. In France, postpartum hemorrhage accounts for five percent of delivery complications. Three percent of them are severe, leading to uncontrolled bleeding which intensity is higher than 1000 ml of blood during the 24 hours following delivery. In France, they are involved in 20 new deaths per year; it is the first cause of maternal mortality. Indeed, it remains a significant source of morbidity: severe anaemia, blood transfusion, transfusion complications, acquired coagulation disorders and hemostatic hysterectomy.

There are two different types of postpartum hemorrhage: early and late hemorrhages. Early hemorrhages are more common and occur in the first 24H after delivery. Uterine atony is the main cause of early hemorrhage. However, visual assessment underestimates the amount of blood loss in around forty five percent of cases. Emergency treatment is therefore sometimes undertaken with some delay, giving time for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) to occur, which worsens the prognosis. They are usually treated by medical resuscitation, blood transfusion, selective arterial embolisation and finally hysterectomy in case of ongoing uncontrolled bleeding. Medical treatment and obstetric manoeuvres are usually effective. Artificial delivery of the placenta should be performed immediately if the placenta is incomplete. Afterwards, oxytocin and prostaglandin derivatives are given. At the same time, anemia and hemostatic abnormalities are treated by transfusion of fresh frozen plasma and packed cells. When the measures are insufficient, surgery is necessary. Bilateral ligation of hypogastric arteries or controlled embolisation is recommended. In the case of uncontrolled bleeding, hemostatic hysterectomy is performed as a salvage therapy. Also, the efficacy of ligation of the hypogastric arteries remains controversial. Therefore, the success rate of ligation of the hypogastric arteries is only forty two percent, so that in many cases hysterectomy is required, which induces a definitive sterility. The development of interventional radiology has offered a new approach for the management of postpartum hemorrhage. Many publications have showed the usefulness of the procedure, whose success rate is around ninety percent. However, a specific technical plateau is needed, which is far to be available at any place and at any moment. For patients delivering far away from these technical sites, limiting blood loss is crucial. Among the methods aiming at limiting obstetrical hemorrhage, special concern was given to recombinant activated factor VII, a drug used with good therapeutic results in symptomatic patients with hemophilia and inhibitors. It has already been applied in interventions situations.

Taking into consideration the above described aspects, our goal is thus to evaluate the potential medical interest of giving rhFVIIa early in the course of hemorrhage, compared to giving it as a salvage therapy after arterial selective embolization or hysterectomy in patients still bleeding, in order to avoid hemostatic hysterectomy.

In the literature, IV infusion of rFVIIa stopped ongoing diffuse hemorrhage, rapidly, and no further transfusion was required after rFVIIa injection. Then rFVIIa, might be a strong complementary agent in the management of major postpartum hemorrhage. Optimal dose, timing and safety characteristics of rFVIIa administration remain to be determined.

Therefore, the main objectives of the study are:

1. to evaluate the reduction of the absolute risk of arterial embolization/surgery/hysterectomy in patients receiving a unique early infusion of rhuFVIIa (60 µg/kg body weight);
2. to evaluate the number of women necessary to treat to avoid one arterial embolization/surgery/hysterectomy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Severe postpartum hemorrhage, i.e non responsive to sulprostone infusion

Exclusion Criteria:

• < 18 years
• personal antecedent of arterial or venous thrombosis
• written informed consent not approved/signed by the patient or her husband