SPECIFIC AIMS:

1. To reverse hyperglycemia and insulin dependency in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by islet cell transplantation;
2. To eliminate the incidence of hypoglycemia coma and unawareness in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by islet cell transplantation;
3. To assess long-term safety and function of successful islet cell transplants in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus;
4. To determine whether the natural history of the microvascular, macrovascular and neuropathic complications of Diabetes Mellitus are altered following successful transplantation of islet cells; and
5. To assess the effect of infliximab in preventing early islet destruction, and thereby eliminating the need for a second donor's islet cells.
6. To assess the effect of etanercept in preventing early islet destruction.
7. To assess the effect of exenatide to improve islet graft function and survival in subjects that have returned to using exogenous insulin.
8. To assess the ability of exenatide to improve islet survival at time of transplantation.

This Phase II trial will have 3 groups: Group A will receive islets from 2 donors and will not receive infliximab. Group B will receive, in addition to Daclizumab, Sirolimus, and Tacrolimus, a dose of infliximab and islets from a single donor, as per the Edmonton protocol. Everything else about the clinical trial will be the same for both groups. The first 4 patients will be assigned to Group A, the next 4 patients to Group B, the next 4 patients to Group A, and the next 4 patients to Group B (total =16). Patients in Group A will receive 1-2 transplants with cells from 2 donors. If the second donor pancreas is received and satisfactory at the same time as the first pancreas, one islet infusion will be used to infuse cells from both donors. If the second pancreas is not received until after the first transplantation, a second islet infusion will be done. A second course of five doses of Daclizumab will be started on the day of the second islet infusion).

In order to determine if prolonged administration of etanercept, in combination with transplantation of cultured islets, will prevent TNF-α production and enhance engraftment, we have added Group C to the current protocol. Group C, in addition to Daclizumab, Sirolimus, and Tacrolimus, will receive Etanercept in the peri-transplant period and islets from one or more donors. The last 24 patients included in this Protocol will be in Group C if they are new, or in Group A and B Supplemental Infusion if they had previous transplants. Any Group A or B participants who are eligible for a supplemental infusion will receive etanercept but no infliximab.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients between 18 and 65 years of age

2. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus for more than 5 years duration

3. One or more of the following:

   • Hypoglycemia unawareness - judged by history of blood sugars <54 on glucometer without symptoms and/or hypoglycemic episodes requiring assistance from either family, glucagon administration or emergency services
   • Poor diabetes control (HbA1c>8% or >2 visits/yr to hospital for treatment of ketoacidosis) despite intensive insulin therapy
   • Progressive complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus

4. Body Mass Index (BMI) ≤26

Exclusion Criteria:

1. c-peptide > 0.3ng/ml basal or stimulated;
2. untreated proliferative diabetic retinopathy;
3. HbA1C >12%;
4. creatinine clearance <60;
5. serum creatinine consistently >1.6 mg/dl;
6. macroalbuminuria >300mg albumin in 24 hours;
7. presence of panel reactive antibodies (PRA) >20%;
8. previous/concurrent organ transplantation (except previous unsuccessful islet cell transplant;
9. malignancy or previous malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer);
10. x-ray evidence of pulmonary infection;
11. active infections;
12. active peptic ulcer disease, gall stones, hemangioma, or portal hypertension
13. serological evidence of HIV, HbsAg or HCV; serological evidence of active EBV (IgM>IgG) or EBV negative serology;
14. PPD conversion or positive PPD without historic completion of appropriate prophylactic treatment;
15. abnormal liver function test;
16. anemia (hemoglobin <12.0);
17. hyperlipidemia (fasting serum triglycerides >200mg/dl and/or fasting serum cholesterol >240 mg/dl and/or fasting LDL cholesterol >140 mg/dl);
18. BMI above 26;
19. unstable cardiovascular status; prostate specific antigen (PSA) >4;
20. pregnancy or breastfeeding;
21. sexually-active females who are not: a) post-menopausal, b) surgically sterile, or c) not using an acceptable method of contraception (oral contraceptives, Norplant, Depo-Provera, and barrier devices are acceptable; condoms used alone are not acceptable);
22. alcohol abuse, substance abuse or smoking within the previous 6 months; insulin requirement >1u/kg/day and any condition or any circumstance that makes it unsafe to undergo an islet cell transplant.