Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy for Patients With Inflammatory Multiple Sclerosis Failing Alternate Approved Therapy: A Randomized Study
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy for Patients With Inflammatory Multiple Sclerosis Failing Alternate Approved Therapy: A Randomized Study
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is at onset an immune-mediated demyelinating disease. In most cases, it starts as a relapsing-remitting disease with distinct attacks and no symptoms between flares. Over years or decades, virtually all cases transition into a progressive disease in which insidious and slow neurologic deterioration occurs with or without acute flares. Relapsing-remitting disease is often responsive to immune suppressive or modulating therapies, while immune based therapies are generally ineffective in patients with a progressive clinical course. This clinical course and response to immune suppression, as well as neuropathology and neuroimaging studies, suggest that disease progression is associated with axonal atrophy. Disability correlates better with measures of axonal atrophy than immune mediated demyelination. Therefore, immune based therapies, in order to be effective, need to be started early in the disease course while MS is predominately an immune-mediated and inflammatory disease. While current immune based therapies delay disability, no intervention has been proven to prevent progressive disability. We propose, as a randomized study, autologous unmanipulated PBSCT using a conditioning regimen of cyclophosphamide and rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) versus FDA approved standard of care (i.e. interferon, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod, or tecfidera) in patients with inflammatory (relapsing) MS despite treatment with alternate approved therapy.
To assess the efficacy of autologous PBSCT versus FDA approved standard of care ( i.e. interferon, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod, or tecfidera) for inflammatory multiple sclerosis (MS) failing failing alternate approved therapy. The endpoints to be considered in this study are:
2.1 Primary Endpoint:
Disease progression, defined as a 1 point increase in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) on consecutive evaluations at least 6 months apart and not due to a non-MS disease process. Patients will be followed for 5 years after randomization.
Inclusion Criteria:
Age between18-55, inclusive.
Diagnosis of MS using revised McDonald criteria of clinically definite MS (Appendix I).
An EDSS score of 2.0 to 6.0 (Appendix II).
Inflammatory disease despite treatment with standard disease modifying therapy including at least 6 months of interferon or copaxone. Inflammatory disease is defined based on both MRI (gadolinium enhancing lesions) and clinical activity (acute relapses *treated with IV or oral high dose corticosteroids and prescribed by a neurologist). Minimum disease activity required for failure is defined as: a) two or more *steroid treated clinical relapses with documented new objective signs on neurological examination documented by a neurologist within the year prior to the study, or b) one *steroid treated clinical relapse within the year prior to study and evidence on MRI of active inflammation (i.e., gadolinium enhancement) within the last 12 months on an occasion separate from the clinical relapse (3 months before or after the clinical relapse).
Exclusion Criteria**
Any illness that in the opinion of the investigators would jeopardize the ability of the patient to tolerate aggressive chemotherapy.
Prior history of malignancy except localized basal cell, squamous skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Other malignancies for which the patient is judged to be cured, such as head and neck cancer, or breast cancer will be considered on an individual basis.
Positive pregnancy test
Inability or unwillingness to pursue effective means of birth control from the time of evaluation for eligibility until 6 months posttransplant (if on transplant) or until appropriate for non-transplant treatment (if on control arm). Effective birth control is defined as 1) abstinence defined as refraining from all acts of vaginal intercourse; 2) consistent use of birth control pills; 3) injectable birth control methods (Depo-provera, Norplant); 4) tubal sterilization or male partner who has undergone vasectomy; 5) placement of an intrauterine device (IUD); or 6) use, with every act of intercourse, of diaphragm with contraceptive jelly and/or condoms with contraceptive foam.
Failure to willingly accept or comprehend irreversible sterility as a side effect of therapy
Forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) / forced vital capacity (FVC) < 60% of predicted after bronchodilator therapy (if necessary)
Diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < 50% of predicted (for the transplant arm)
Resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50 %
Bilirubin > 2.0 mg/dl
Serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl
Known hypersensitivity to mouse, rabbit, or E. Coli derived proteins, or to iron compounds/medications
Presence of metallic objects implanted in the body that would preclude the ability of the patient to safely have MRI exams
Diagnosis of primary progressive MS
Diagnosis of secondary progressive MS
Platelet count < 100,000/ul, white blood cell count (WBC) < 1,500 cells/mm3
Psychiatric illness, mental deficiency or cognitive dysfunction making compliance with treatment or informed consent impossible
Active infection except asymptomatic bacteriuria
Use of natalizumab (Tysabri) within the previous 6 months
Use of fingolimod (Gilenya) within the previous 3 months
Use of teriflunomide (Aubagio) within the previous 2 years unless cleared from the body (plasma concentration < 0.02mcg/ml) following elimination from the body with cholestyramine 8g three times a day for 11 days
Prior treatment with CAMPATH (alemtuzumab)
Prior treatment with mitoxantrone
Any hereditary neurological disease such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) or Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) are contraindications
Use of tecfidera within the previous 3 months