The purpose of this study is to determine whether long-term exposure to the Therapeutic Workplace intervention could sustain drug abstinence over an extended period of time in heroin- and cocaine-dependent, unemployed, treatment-resistant young mothers.

The current study is a continuation of the research into the development and evaluation of a novel treatment designed to address the chronic, persistent nature of drug addiction. This treatment, called the Therapeutic Workplace, integrates abstinence reinforcement contingencies of proven efficacy into a model supported work program. Participants were paid to work or to train in the Therapeutic Workplace but had to provide drug-free urine samples to gain daily access. Forty participants were randomly assigned to a Therapeutic Workplace or usual care control group. Therapeutic Workplace participants could work for about 5 years. This study reports the effects of the intervention over a follow-up period of 8 years after treatment initiation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• When originally enrolled in the study, participants were at least 18 years old, unemployed, and methadone maintenance patients of the Center for Addiction and Pregnancy (CAP) who continued to use opiates or cocaine during CAP treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants were excluded if they were at risk for suicide at the time of intake or if they had serious psychiatric illness (e.g., schizophrenia).

The data for this study have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.