This study primarily determined the safety and tolerability of escalating doses of vosaroxin (SNS-595) in 2 dose schedules, and assessed the PK profile of vosaroxin and defined a recommended dose regimen for Phase 2 studies. Secondarily the study assessed potential biomarkers and antileukemic activity.

Patients assigned to 1 of 2 schedules (A and B) in cohorts of at least 3 patients received vosaroxin (SNS-595) intravenously (IV) for up to 4 cycles: once weekly (Days 1, 8, 15 in Schedule A) or twice weekly (Days 1, 4, 8, 11 in Schedule B). Dose escalation proceeded independently for Schedule A (18 mg/m2 initially) and Schedule B (9 mg/m2 initially) in the absence of Dose-limiting Toxicity (DLT) based on a modified Fibonacci sequence. The incidence of DLT during Cycle 1 determined the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) allowing for treatment delays of up to 14 days to resolve clinically significant abnormal laboratory values or related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and one dose reduction of 25% in case of above. Patients with stable disease, hematologic improvement, or partial remission with stable blast counts or experiencing clinical benefit in the opinion of the investigator were eligible to receive vosaroxin for up to 4 additional cycles.

Inclusion:

• Able to understand and willing to sign a written informed consent document
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status score of 0, 1, 0r 2
• Received less than or equal to 3 induction/re-induction regimens for disease(s) defined by the protocol
• Must have relapsed or refractory leukemia for which no standard therapies are expected to result in a durable remission; patients who have not received prior treatment who have either refused or, in the opinion of the Investigator, are not able to tolerate, standard therapy may be included.

Exclusion:

• Prior exposure to SNS-595 (vosaroxin)
• Pregnant or breastfeeding
• Women of childbearing potential or male partners of women of childbearing potential unwilling to use an approved, effective means of contraception according to the institution's standards
• Any evidence of active central nervous system (CNS) leukemia
• Any evidence of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease
• Has active cancer (other than that which is defined by the inclusion criteria for this protocol), except for skin cancer (excluding melanoma)
• Laboratory values outside normal or reasonable reference range specified by the protocol
• Liver function and kidney function outside limits specified by the protocol
• Not yet recovered from side effects of previous cancer therapy
• Myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack (TIA) or thromboembolic event (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus) within 6 months before the first SNS-595 dose
• Requires kidney dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal)
• Received an investigational agent within 14 days before Cycle 1, Day 1
• Prior pelvic radiation therapy or radiation to greater than or equal to 25% of bone marrow reserve (palliative radiation is not excluded as long as it does not exceed greater than or equal to 25% of bone marrow reserve)
• Any other medical (uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia), psychological, or social condition that, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator, would contraindicate the patient's participation in the clinical trial due to safety or compliance with study procedures

Aggregate data of participants experiencing Adverse Events