The primary objectives for this study are to develop an estimate of the prevalence of health literacy at four geographically diverse Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (Minneapolis, Portland, Durham, and West Los Angeles), and for specific groups based on age, race, education, and geographic location. The investigators' secondary objectives are to illustrate the potential significance of poor health literacy by linking estimates for those over 50 years old to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening data and examining variation in screening rates by health literacy levels. The investigators expect that people with lower health literacy skills will be less adherent to CRC screening guidelines.

BACKGROUND / RATIONALE:

Studies have shown that people with poor health literacy skills have significantly worse health status, greater risk for hospitalization, less knowledge about their health conditions, and are less likely to use preventative services. Little is known about the prevalence of low health literacy skills among veterans who use the VHA or the effect poor health literacy skills may have on complex preventative behaviors, such as screening for colorectal cancer (CRC). Understanding the distribution of health literacy skills among veterans and their effect on preventive behavior is critical for improving patient education, reducing health disparities, and promoting patient-centered care.

OBJECTIVE(S):

The primary objectives for this study are to develop an estimate of the prevalence of health literacy at four geographically diverse VAMCs (Minneapolis, Portland, Durham, and West LA), and for specific groups based on age, race, education, and geographic location. The secondary objectives are to link health literacy estimates for those 50 to 75 years old to CRC screening data, examine variation in guideline concordant screening rates by health literacy levels, and identify the mechanisms that may mediate or moderate the effect of health literacy on screening.

METHODS:

This observational study uses a time-sequential randomized design of 1440 veterans, stratified by age (<50, 50-75, >75), who have upcoming appointments in primary care clinics at the 4 study sites. Patients who are eligible (i.e., have at least 20/50 vision and are not demented) are asked to participate in a face-to-face structured survey with a study interviewer. The survey includes demographic data, functional status, social support, measures of attitudes and beliefs about health care providers, health insurers, medical care and the Short-Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA). For those between ages 50-75, knowledge of and attitudes towards CRC screening are also measured. Survey data are then matched to data from the CRC QUERI screening assessment and surveillance data system (CRS 02-162-1) to evaluate screening adherence.

STATUS:

Project work is ongoing.

IMPACT:

Findings from this study are expected to have a number of broad implications for research and practice within the VHA. This project will inform organizational changes aimed to improve the efficacy and efficiency of communication strategies and identify areas where interventions or system-level changes could be most effective; inform improvements in informed consent procedures, patient education, discharge summaries and prescription instructions; inform and improve the effectiveness of interventions and the Quality Enhancement and Research Initiative (QUERI) translation efforts; provide the basis for future longitudinal investigations into how health literacy changes over time; and, contribute to our understanding and amelioration of factors associated with health disparities.

Inclusion Criteria:

All veterans eligible for care at any of the study facilities (Minneapolis, LA, Durham, and Portland VA Medical Centers) who were scheduled to have at least one primary care visit during the 6-month study recruitment period.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients were excluded who had: 1) Severe cognitive disorders, 2) Severe visual impairment, 3) Severe hearing impairment, 4) Significant difficulty understanding English