The purpose of this study is to determine whether gabapentin is efficacious as an analgesic for chronic low back pain.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a major health problem for the VA, affecting up to 15% of all veterans. Nationally, its medical and disability costs exceed $50 billion annually. Despite its impact, relatively little research evaluates treatment for CLBP. Wide variation in patterns of care suggests uncertainty over effective therapy. Most chronic back cases are not surgical candidates. The mainstays of medical treatment have been non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, opioids, and antidepressants. Non-steroidal drugs and muscle relaxants are effective for acute but not for chronic back pain. Opioids may provide analgesia but safety limits their use. Tricyclic antidepressants provide modest pain relief, separate from effects on depression. But it is clear additional research is needed to develop more effective pharmacotherapy. One approach favored by many authorities is determining if agents effective for one type of chronic pain syndrome (e.g., diabetic neuropathy) can be generalized to other syndromes, like chronic back pain. Another is to identify effective drug combinations, based on selecting drugs with differing therapeutic mechanisms.

This research is a program of rigorous randomized clinical trials testing the efficacy of antidepressants for analgesia in chronic back pain. Because chronic pain is a complex disorder, the program features a multidisciplinary research team, involving specialists in psychiatry, orthopedic surgery, psychology, anesthesiology, clinical pharmacology, and biomathematics. The research has both pragmatic and explanatory aims. Our strategy has been to test antidepressants with differing, and selective properties in an attempt to isolate therapeutic mechanisms. Thus, we began with trials using selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), rather than those with dual noradrenergic and serotonergic effects (e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine). To ensure applicability of results, we have used rigorous diagnostic procedures to identify patients with chronic back pain due to degenerative disk disease. To enhance generalizability we recruit primary care patients rather than tertiary pain clinic samples. Patients without major depression are studied to examine analgesia separate from antidepressant effects. Secondary outcomes address function and life quality.

We have conducted three controlled trials using identical recruitment and assessment methodology. The first, comparing a noradrenergic antidepressant (nortriptyline) with placebo, indicated that the noradrenergic agent provided clinically relevant analgesia. The second was a head-to-head comparison of a selective noradrenergic agent (maprotiline) with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI, paroxetine). The noradrenergic agent outperformed the SSRI, which was equivalent to placebo. To clarify these results we explored whether efficacy might be evident only at specific drug concentrations. Therefore, the third study, has a prospective concentration design comparing the most potent and selective noradrenergic antidepressant (desipramine) to the standard SSRI, fluoxetine. Subjects were randomized to placebo or predetermined concentration windows reflecting low, medium, and high exposure to study drugs and followed for 12 weeks. Interim analysis suggests that low concentration desipramine outperforms placebo (p<0.05). It is also superior to mid-concentration and high exposure desipramine--as well as all exposure levels of the SSRI, which are equivalent to placebo.

In sum, all three studies supported noradrenergic analgesia in CLBP, and the two studies that evaluated SSRIs failed to find analgesia. This suggests noradrenergic activity, perhaps within a therapeutic window, may be primarily responsible for back pain analgesia. These findings have led us away from studies proposing combining noradrenergic and serotonergic agents. An alternative approach which builds on these data, but first employs another class of agents, seems reasonable. This strategy is to assess if gabapentin, a calcium channel blocker agent with demonstrated efficacy in neuropathic pain, can be extended to chronic back pain.

We conducted a double-blind, randomized assignment, 12-week, placebo controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of gabapentin. Non-depressed chronic low back pain patients (N = 130) will be randomized to placebo or high dose gabapentin (3600 mg/day or maximum tolerable dose). Analysis was by intent to treat. The primary efficacy assessment is mean pain intensity (Descriptor Differential Scale, DDS) at exit. Secondary outcomes are function and life quality (Oswestry Disability Index, Short Form-36, Quality of Well-Being Scale). Safety evaluation includes rating adverse events (Scandinavian Society of Psychopharmacology Committee on Clinical Investiagations Side Effects Rating Scale, UKU), standardized physical examination, and clinical laboratory testing. Results could provide explanatory insight into mechanisms of back pain, and address the pragmatic clinical need by primary care providers and others for effective therapy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Must be resident of the county of San Diego, California
• Ages 21-70 inclusive
• Low back pain (T-6 or below, secondary to degenerative disk or degenerative joint disease) present "on a daily basis" for the previous 6 months or longer, of at least "moderate" intensity determined by Descriptor Differential Scale (DDS) > 7
• English-speaking, literate, able to understand the study and communicate with the study team
• Presently not a candidate for back surgery (one prior back surgery permitted if it was > 5 years ago and resulted in complete relief)
• Discontinued muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and opioids at least two weeks before screening and agree to discontinue throughout study (can remain on stable dose of NSAIDs)
• If female, not pregnant or lactating; agrees to use reliable contraception throughout the study, and has negative pregnancy test at screening
• Gives informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• A major coexisting medical illness (e.g., diabetes, renal or hepatic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, or class III or IV organic heart disease) that might increase risks of gabapentin, or major surgical or non-surgical intervention for any disorder within the past 12 months, since rehabilitation from treatment may confound study outcomes
• Significant coexisting orthopedic or pain problems; sciatica (pain, weakness, or dysesthesia solely in distribution of a lumbar spinal nerve, with or without reflex change) or back pain due to other disorders (e.g., fibromyalgia, vertebral fracture, osteomyelitis, metastatic cancer, rheumatoid arthritis; spinal stenosis)
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV diagnosis of alcohol or other substance abuse or dependence (within the previous 12 months or positive urine toxicology at screening), current major depression or dysthymia; or lifetime bipolar disorder (I or II) (excluded because gabapentin is antidepressive and antimanic); or major anxiety disorder (e.g., panic disorder; or psychosis; or lifetime presence of cognitive impairment disorder (e.g. dementia)
• History of multiple adverse drug reactions or known allergy to gabapentin
• Use of psychotropics (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics), which would need to be continued during the study, or other drugs or agents (i.e., herbal preparations) which might interact with the study drug
• Prior treatment with the study drug
• Use of systemic corticosteroids or corticosteroid injections within three months of screening; or concurrent behavioral therapies, chiropractic treatment, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit
• Renal impairment (creatinine > 1.8 mg/dL)
• Hepatic impairment (bilirubin > 1.5 X upper normal limit, or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) > 2 X upper normal limit)
• Hematologic abnormality (hemoglobin < 9.4 gm/dL; absolute white blood cell (WBC) count < 3000/mm3, platelets < 100,000
• Pregnancy
• Immunosuppression
• Use of experimental drugs or participation in other clinical trials

Participant report of adverse effects at any point during the 12-week trial.

A psychiatrist-administered, semi-structured interview (Scandinavian Society of Psychopharmacological Investigators Side Effect Rating Scale, UKU), assessed 48 psychotropic drug-associated symptoms in the prior 3 days. Items rated as "present" (of at least "mild" intensity) and "possibly" or "probably" drug-induced were counted as adverse effects.

Limitations include small sample size, high rate of early termination, and moderate baseline levels of pain intensity and disability in everyday function which may have limited ability to detect an effect.