Flavopiridol in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

A Dose Escalation Study of Flavopiridol (NSC 649890) Administered as a 30 Minute Loading Dose Followed by a 4-Hour Infusion in Patients With Relapsed and Refractory Acute Leukemias

This phase I trial is studying the side effects and best dose of flavopiridol in treating patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or chronic myelogenous leukemia. Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as flavopiridol, work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the maximal tolerable dose of flavopiridol in relapsed or refractory acute leukemia in adults (Stratum 1) and children (Stratum 2).

II. To define the qualitative and quantitative toxicities of flavopiridol in regard to organ specificity, time course, predictability, and reversibility.

III. To determine the preliminary clinical activity of flavopiridol in adults (Stratum 1) and children (Stratum 2) using this novel schedule in acute leukemia.

IV. To evaluate the plasma and cellular pharmacokinetics of flavopiridol in patients enrolled on this study.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To measure pharmacodynamic measurements including effects on cell cycle; down modulation of bcl-2, mcl-1, XIAP, bax, RNA polymerase II phosphorylation; and signaling via the VEGF (VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, HIF-1), NF-Kappa B pathway, and PI3kinase pathway; and correlate with Css and other pharmacokinetic features.

II. To assess drug induced apoptosis of acute leukemia cells in vitro and subsequent relationship to clinical response based upon Css of flavopiridol attained in vivo.

II. To determine if increase in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, gamma-IFN, IL-6 and IL-8) correlate with pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, laboratory (decrease in serum albumin) and clinical (hypotension observed with the first administration of flavopiridol) parameters of treatment.

OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study. Patients are stratified according to age group (adult [≥ 18 years] vs pediatric [1-17 years]).

Patients receive flavopiridol intravenously (IV) over 30 minutes followed by a 4-hour infusion on days 1-3. Treatment repeats every 21 days for up to 6 courses in the absence of unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. Cohorts of 3-6 patients receive escalating doses of flavopiridol until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is determined. The MTD is defined as the dose preceding that at which 2 of 3 or 2 of 6 patients experience dose-limiting toxicity.

Patients are followed up every 2 months for 1 year and then every 6 months for 4 years.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Histologically confirmed diagnosis of one of the following:

  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) meeting 1 of the following criteria:

    • Refractory to initial treatment (stratum 1)
    • Recurrent disease after prior high-dose chemotherapy with or without stem cell support (stratum 1)
    • High-risk refractory disease defined as failed ≥ 2 regimens for remission induction (i.e., twice induction failure) (stratum 2)
    • High-risk relaspsed disease defined as disease in second or greater bone marrow relapse (stratum 2)

  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (stratum 1)

    • Myeloid or lymphoid blast crisis that did not respond to or progressed after prior high-dose imatinib mesylate (600-800 mg/day for ≥ 2 weeks)

• No acute promyelocytic leukemia

• Ineligible for or unwilling to undergo potentially curative allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation

  • Patients with relapsed AML that is refractory to re-induction therapy comprising an active, intensive salvage regimen are eligible

• CNS involvement allowed provided there are no residual leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid after intrathecal chemotherapy or radiotherapy

• Performance status - ECOG ≥ 2 for patients > 10 years of age

• Performance status - Lansky 50-100% for patients ≤ 10 years of age

• At least 8 weeks

• Bilirubin ≤ 2 times upper limit of normal (ULN)* (unless due to Gilbert's syndrome)

• ALT and AST ≤ 5 times ULN*

• Creatinine ≤ 2.0 mg/dL* (stratum 1)

• Creatinine > 1.3 times ULN (stratum 2)

• LVEF ≥ 40% by echocardiogram or MUGA (stratum 1)

• Shortening fraction ≥ 28% by echocardiogram (stratum 2)

• No symptomatic congestive heart failure

• No unstable angina pectoris

• No cardiac arrhythmia

• Not pregnant or nursing

• Negative pregnancy test

• Fertile patients must use effective contraception

• HIV negative

• No history of allergy to study drug

• No active infection requiring IV antibiotics

• No serious medical or psychiatric illness that would preclude giving informed consent or limit survival

• No other uncontrolled illness

• See Disease Characteristics

• Recovered from all prior immunotherapy treatment-related toxicity (stratum 2)

• More than 8 weeks since prior biological agents (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) (stratum 2)

• See Disease Characteristics

• Recovered from all prior chemotherapy treatment-related toxicity (stratum 2)

• More than 24 hours since prior hydroxyurea (for patients who do not have highly proliferative disease)*

• More than 2 weeks since other prior chemotherapy (6 weeks for nitrosourea or mitomycin)

• No other concurrent chemotherapy

• Prior hydrea and/or steroids allowed (stratum 2)

• No concurrent hormones, except steroids for adrenal failure or infusional toxicity (i.e., cytokine release syndrome) or hormones for non-disease-related conditions (e.g., insulin for diabetes)

• See Disease Characteristics

• Recovered from all prior radiotherapy treatment-related toxicity (stratum 2)

• More than 2 weeks since prior radiotherapy

• No concurrent palliative radiotherapy

• Post stem cell transplant allowed provided completion ≥ 4 months prior to study entry and no evidence of active acute or chronic graft vs host disease (stratum 2)

• No other concurrent investigational agents

• No concurrent chronic systemic anticoagulant therapy for a medical condition (e.g., deep vein thrombosis or atrial fibrillation)

  • Concurrent heparin allowed to maintain central line patency (i.e., catheter flush)

• No other concurrent anticancer therapy