Several studies have reported that diabetic subjects have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations than non-diabetic subjects. Although urinary vitamin C loss in diabetic subjects was reported to be increased in two studies, these are difficult to interpret due to lack of controlled vitamin C intake, inadequate sampling, lack of control subjects, or methodology uncertainties in vitamin C assay and sample processing. Consequently, it is unclear whether diabetic subjects truly have both low plasma and high urine vitamin C concentrations. We propose that low plasma vitamin C concentrations in diabetic subjects are due in part to inappropriate renal loss of vitamin C in these subjects but not in healthy controls. We will study nondiabetic controls and cohorts with diabetes. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma, RBCs, and urine will be measured in outpatients. In those willing to be admitted to the Clinical Center, we will measure vitamin C pharmacokinetics to determine the relative bioavailability for vitamin C in individuals with and without abnormal urinary loss of vitamin C (or renal leak). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) will be determined in genomic DNA responsible for the two proteins mediating sodium dependent vitamin C transport, SVCT1 and SVCT2. We will also explore mechanisms underlying abnormal urinary vitamin C loss.

Several studies have reported that diabetic subjects have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations than non-diabetic subjects. Although urinary vitamin C loss in diabetic subjects was reported to be increased in two studies, these are difficult to interpret due to lack of controlled vitamin C intake, inadequate sampling, lack of control subjects, or methodology uncertainties in vitamin C assay and sample processing. Consequently, it is unclear whether diabetic subjects truly have both low plasma and high urine vitamin C concentrations. We propose that low plasma vitamin C concentrations in diabetic subjects are due in part to inappropriate renal loss of vitamin C in these subjects but not in healthy controls. We will study nondiabetic controls and cohorts with diabetes. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma, RBCs, and urine will be measured in outpatients. In those willing to be admitted to the Clinical Center, we will measure vitamin C pharmacokinetics to determine the relative bioavailability for vitamin C in individuals with and without abnormal urinary loss of vitamin C (or renal leak). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) will be determined in genomic DNA responsible for the two proteins mediating sodium dependent vitamin C transport, SVCT1 and SVCT2. We will also explore mechanisms underlying abnormal urinary vitamin C loss.

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

To be included in the study, study subjects should be:

• Aged 18-65 years.

• Either:

  • Have no diagnosis of diabetes: "nondiabetic controls", or
  • Have a diagnosis in their medical history of either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes

EXCLUSION CRITERIA (for outpatient study, arm 1)

Exclusion criteria will include the following:

• Unable or unwilling to provide a signed and dated informed consent form
• Unable or unwilling to comply with study procedures and lifestyle considerations

EXCLUSION CRITERIA (for inpatient studies, arms 2 and 3)

Study participants interested in participating in Arms 2 and/or 3 will be excluded from this further participation if they meet any of the following:

• significant organ malfunction leading to clinical instability including liver disease, pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and anemia at investigator discretion
• other serious or chronic illness; history of serious or chronic illness; coronary artery disease, or peripheral vascular disease resulting in clinical instability
• pregnancy or lactation
• presence of other conditions which, in the judgment of the investigators, can influence vitamin C metabolism or vitamin C renal handling

Community sample.