The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of incentive programs for the treatment of nicotine dependence in women who have problems with substance dependence.

This study will determine the influence of voucher-based CM on reducing smoking (and other drug) use during pregnancy or in post-partum women with children under 1 year of age living with them, or in non-pregnant females who smoke. We are targeting smoking cessation since cigarette use is so prevalent in our service. We will compare a control group to two different voucher-based contingent-reinforcement procedures: one that targets smoking abstinence alone vs. one that offers additional incentives for negative BAL and urinalysis results.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pregnant and or post-partum with at least one child under 1 year old living with them, or non-pregnant, non-post-partum females or previous participant in this study protocol
• Nicotine Dependent as confirmed by DSM-IV checklist
• Current cigarette smoker
• Breath CO reading of at least 8 ppm at the time of the initial study screening
• Current client with the Shields for Families (Shields) treatment programs

Exclusion Criteria:

• Non-smoker