This randomized phase III trial studies how well gefitinib works in treating patients with stage IB, II, or IIIA non-small cell lung cancer that was completely removed by surgery. Gefitinib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth. It is not yet known if gefitinib may be an effective treatment in preventing tumors from returning after they have been removed by surgery.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To assess, in comparison with placebo, the impact of adjuvant therapy with two years of daily oral ZD1839 (IRESSA) (gefitinib) on the overall survival of patients with completely resected (T1N1-2, T2N0-2, T3N0-2) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To compare the disease-free survival in the placebo arm to the ZD1839 (IRESSA) arm.

II. To confirm the prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, phosphorylation and mutations when present in the primary tumor.

III. To assess the ability of EGFR expression, phosphorylation and mutations in the primary tumor to predict the relative impact of ZD1839 (IRESSA) on survival.

IV. To establish a comprehensive tumour bank linked to a clinical database for the further study of molecular markers in resected NSCLC.

V. To further evaluate toxicity related to ZD1839 (IRESSA).

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

ARM I: Patients receive gefitinib orally (PO) once daily (QD) for 2 years in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

ARM II: Patients receive placebo PO QD for 2 years in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 6 months, every 6 months for 3 years, and then annually thereafter.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients must have histological proof of a primary non-small cell lung cancer (bronchoalveolar carcinomas presenting as a discrete solitary radiological mass or nodule are eligible)

• Patients must be classified post-operatively as stage IB, II or IIIA on the basis of pathologic criteria

• At the time of resection a complete mediastinal lymph node resection or at least lymph node sampling should have been attempted; if a complete mediastinal lymph node resection or lymph node sampling was not undertaken, any mediastinal lymph node which measured 1.5 cm or more on the pre-surgical computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or any area of increased uptake in the mediastinum on a pre-surgical positron emission tomography (PET) scan must have been biopsied; note: a pre-surgical PET scan is not mandatory

  • The nodal tissue must be labelled according to the recommendations of the American Thoracic Society; surgeons are encouraged to dissect or sample all accessible nodal levels; the desirable levels for biopsy are:

    • Right upper lobe: 4, 7, 10
    • Right middle lobe: 4, 7, 10
    • Right lower lobe: 4, 7, 9, 10
    • Left upper lobe: 5, 6, 7, 10
    • Left lower lobe: 7, 9, 10

• Surgery may consist of lobectomy, sleeve resection, bilobectomy or pneumonectomy as determined by the attending surgeon based on the intraoperative findings; patients who have had only segmentectomies or wedge resections are not eligible for this study; all gross disease must have been removed at the end of surgery; all surgical margins of resection must be negative for tumor

• No more than 16 weeks may have elapsed between surgery and randomization; for patients who received post-operative adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, no more than 26 weeks may have elapsed between surgery and randomization

• Patient must consent to provision of and investigator(s) must agree to submit a representative formalin fixed paraffin block of tumor tissue at the request of the Central Tumor Bank in order that the specific EGFR correlative marker assays may be conducted

• The patient must have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0, 1 or 2

• Leukocytes >= 3.0 x 10^9/L or >= 3000/ul

• Absolute granulocyte count >= 1.5 x 10^9/L or >= 1,500/ul

• Platelets >= 100 x 10^9/L or >= 100,000/ul

• Total bilirubin within normal institutional limits

• Alkaline phosphatase =< 2.5 x institutional upper limit of normal; if alkaline phosphatase is greater than the institutional upper limit of normal (UNL) but less than the maximum allowed, an abdominal (including liver) ultrasound, CT or MRI scan and a radionuclide bone scan must be performed prior to randomization to rule out metastatic disease; if the values are greater than the maximum allowed, patients will not be considered eligible regardless of findings on any supplementary imaging

• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 2.5 x institutional upper limit of normal; if AST (SGOT) or ALT (SGPT) are greater than the institutional upper limit of normal (UNL) but less than the maximum allowed, an abdominal (including liver) ultrasound, CT or MRI scan must be performed prior to randomization to rule out metastatic disease; if the values are greater than the maximum allowed, patients will not be considered eligible regardless of findings on any supplementary imaging

• Patient must have a chest x-ray done within 14 days prior to randomization; patient must have a CT or MRI scan of the chest done within 90 days prior to surgical resection if at least one of the following was undertaken:

  • A complete mediastinal lymph node resection; or
  • Biopsy of all desired levels of lymph nodes - as specified above; or
  • A pre-surgical PET scan within 60 days prior to surgical resection If none of the above was undertaken then the CT or MRI scan of the chest must have been performed within 60 days prior to surgical resection Note: a pre-surgical PET scan is not mandatory

• Patient must have an electrocardiogram (EKG) done within 14 days prior to randomization

• Women of childbearing age and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control) prior to study entry and while taking study medication and for a period of three months after final dose; should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her male partner are participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately

• Patients may receive post-operative radiation therapy; patients must have completed radiation at least 3 weeks prior to randomization and have recovered from all radiation-induced toxicity; patients who have received radiation therapy should also be randomized within 16 weeks of surgery

• Patient consent must be obtained according to local institutional and/or University Human Experimentation Committee requirements; it will be the responsibility of the local participating investigators to obtain the necessary local clearance, and to indicate in writing to either the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) Clinical Trials Group (CTG) study coordinator (for NCIC CTG centers) or the Cancer Trials Support Unit (CTSU) (for all other investigators), that such clearance has been obtained, before the trial can commence in that center; a standard consent form for the trial will not be provided, but a sample form is given; this sample consent form has been approved by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Central Institutional Review Board (IRB) and must be used unaltered by those CTSI centers which operate under CIRB authority; for NCIC CTG centers, a copy of the initial full board Research Ethics Board (REB) approval and approved consent form must be sent to the NCIC CTG central office; please note that the consent form for this study must contain a statement which gives permission for the government agencies, NCI, NCIC CTG and monitoring agencies to review patient records

  • NCIC-CTG Centers: the patient must have the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document; the patient must sign the consent form prior to randomization
  • CTSU Centers: the patient, or in the case of a mentally incompetent patient his or her legally authorized and qualified representative, must have the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document; the consent form must be signed prior to randomization

• Patients must be accessible for treatment and follow-up; investigators must assure themselves that patients registered on this trial will be available for complete documentation of the treatment administered, toxicity and follow-up

• Initiation of protocol treatment must begin within 10 working days of patient randomization

• Patients may have received post-operative adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy; patients must have completed chemotherapy at least 3 weeks prior to randomization and have recovered from all chemotherapy-induced toxicity; patients who have received adjuvant chemotherapy should also be randomized within 26 weeks of surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Prior or concurrent malignancies; patients who have had a previous diagnosis of cancer, if they remain free of recurrence and metastases five years or more following the end of treatment and, in the opinion of the treating physician do not have a substantial risk of recurrence of the prior malignancy, are eligible for the study; patients who have been adequately treated for non-melanomatous skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix are eligible irrespective of when that treatment was given
• A combination of small cell and non-small cell carcinomas or a pulmonary carcinoid tumor
• More than one discrete area of apparent primary cancer (even if within the same lobe, T4, IIIB)
• Clinically significant or untreated ophthalmologic (e.g. Sjogren's etc.) or gastrointestinal conditions (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
• Any active pathological condition that would render the protocol treatment dangerous such as: uncontrolled congestive heart failure, angina, or arrhythmias, active uncontrolled infection, or others
• A history of psychiatric or neurological disorder that would make the obtainment of informed consent problematic or that would limit compliance with study requirements
• Patient, if female, is pregnant or breast-feeding
• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy for NSCLC; however, patients may have received pre-operative limited field, low dose (less than 1000 cGy) external beam radiation therapy or endobronchial brachytherapy or laser therapy for short term control of hemoptysis or lobar obstruction; full dose pre-operative radiotherapy of curative intent is a cause for exclusion; patients may have received post-operative adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy however non-platinum-based chemotherapy is a cause for exclusion
• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to the agents used on this trial; patients with ongoing use of phenytoin, carbamazepine, barbiturates, rifampicin, or St John's Wort are excluded
• Incomplete healing from previous oncologic or other major surgery