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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 02-M-0321 |
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The purpose of this study is to use brain imaging technology to investigate brain changes in people exposed to predictable versus unpredictable unpleasant stimuli. Unpleasant events that can be predicted evoke a response of fear, whereas unpredictable, unpleasant stimuli cause chronic anxiety not associated with a specific event. Information gained from this study may help in the development of more effective treatments for anxiety disorders.
When confronted with fearful events, people eventually develop fear of specific cues that were associated with these events as well as to the environmental context in which the fearful event occurred. Evidence suggests that cued fear and contextual fear model different aspects of anxiety. However, studies that examine the way the brain affects expression of contextual fear have not been conducted. This study will use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or Magneto-encephalography (MEG) to compare the brain activity underlying fear brought on by predictable and unpredictable aversive stimuli.
This protocol examines the neurobiology of fear and anxiety using various approaches. During fear conditioning in which a phasic explicit cue (e.g., a light) is repeatedly associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a shock), the organism develops fear to the explicit cue as well as to the environmental context in which the experiment took place. Experimental evidence suggests that cued fear and contextual fear model different aspects of anxiety. Studies in patients indicated that contextual fear may model an aspect that is especially relevant to anxiety disorders. However, the neural basis for the expression of contextual fear has not previously been elucidated in human imaging studies. One important determinant of contextual fear is predictability: contextual fear increases when a threat (e.g., electric shock) is unpredictable, as opposed to when the threat is predictable. The aim of this study is to compare the neural substrates underlying fear evoked by predictable versus unpredictable shocks. Animal studies have indicated that conditioned responses to predictably cued threat and to less explicit threat are separate processes mediated by distinct brain structures. Psychophysiological data suggest that the proposed procedure can differentiate between these two responses. Hence, we anticipate that this procedure will allow us to compare brain correlates of these responses in humans. Another objective is to study effects of threat of shock on processing and learning of threat cues in the amygdala, the visual and auditory systems, and motivation/reward systems. This will be investigated by means of event-related magneto-encephalography (MEG) and fMRI measurements using various paradigms. Finally, a last project will examine how pharmacologic manipulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels with the benzodiazepine alprazolam affects the relationship between GABA concentration (quantified with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS), visual- and auditory-induced gamma oscillations (measured with MEG), and fMRI BOLD response.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy Volunteer | Experimental | Healthy volunteer will undergo Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and/or magneto-encephalography (MEG) and will be scanned during runs of either shock or no shock. |
|
| Patient | Experimental | Participant with a current diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or major depression will undergo Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and will be scanned during runs of either shock or no shock. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shock device | Device | A participant could receive a shock or not receive as shock |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Average Correlations Between Average Time Series - Left & Right Hemisphere of the Brain | The average bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) correlations between all averaged time series were extracted from the raters' individual masks. Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signals were used to extract a mean time series from the BNST masks. This time series was correlated across the rest of the brain using 3dTcorr1D, which computes the correlation coefficient between each voxel time series. Raters were blinded to subject identity for subjective sensory effects at high field and inter-rater and volume measurements for the drawn BNST masks. Correlations were calculated between average time series extracted between all raters' masks for each subject. Two separate analyses for the left and right BNSTs were performed. | 10 minutes |
| Difference in Volume - Left & Right Habenula | Images were acquired on a 7 T Siemens Magnetom MRI with a 32-channel head coil over 10 minutes. Participants were instructed to keep their eyes open and look at a white fixation cross on a black background during image acquisition. Following manual tracing of the habenula, the volumes of the left and right habenulae for each subject were computed separately. The left and right habenula volumes were then compared using a paired t-test. | 10 minutes |
| Percent of Correct No Button Presses During Functional MRI | Subjects participated in go/nogo (91% GO trials with the " = " symbol indicating button push and 9% NOGO trials with the "O" symbol indicating no push)) task condition during 3 Tesla (3T) or 7 Tesla (7T) functional MRI with periods of threat of shocks and periods of safety when no shock could be administered. During the GNG stimuli were presented on a monitor and randomly distributed. A correct go hit was a response recorded during these 2000 ms to a go trial. Similarly, a correct nogo omission was a no response during the same period to a nogo trial. Performance was first averaged across condition (threat, safe) and trial type (go, nogo) by dividing the number of correct responses by the total number of each trial type. The NOGO and GO behavioral effects were then separately compared between 3T and 7T strength. Accuracy was measured as a percent of correct button presses during fMRI (3T or 7T). |
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All screening procedures described in this section are conducted under screening protocol 01-M-0254. Subjects must meet the following inclusion criteria in order to participate in the study:
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
Subjects will be excluded from the study if they meet the following exclusion criteria:
ADDITIONAL EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PATIENTS:
Patients who would be unable to comply with study procedures or assessments.
Patients will be excluded if they have a current or past history of any psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, delirium, dementia, amnestic disorder, cognitive disorder not otherwise specified, any of the pervasive developmental disorders, or mental retardation.
Patients (except PTSD) on psychotropic medications within 2 wees of study visits, or within 6 weeks of study visits for fluoxetine will be excluded.
PTSD patients on psychotropics medication within 2 weeks of study visits will be excluded, with the exception of antidepressants, and benzodiazepines; the preceding two classes of medications will not preclude enrollment for PTSD participants only.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Maryland Pao, M.D. | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike | Bethesda | Maryland | 20892 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26178381 | Result | Torrisi S, O'Connell K, Davis A, Reynolds R, Balderston N, Fudge JL, Grillon C, Ernst M. Resting state connectivity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis at ultra-high field. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 Oct;36(10):4076-88. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22899. Epub 2015 Jul 14. | |
| 27780778 | Result | Torrisi S, Nord CL, Balderston NL, Roiser JP, Grillon C, Ernst M. Resting state connectivity of the human habenula at ultra-high field. Neuroimage. 2017 Feb 15;147:872-879. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.034. Epub 2016 Oct 22. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page | View source |
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.We plan to submit de-identified data to the repository.
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Participants had the option to volunteer for one or more sub-study
15 participants were screen failure and two participants withdrew prior to start of study.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Healthy Volunteers | Healthy volunteers participated in one or more sub-studies: Perception, Memory, Resting State, Passive Presentation, Loss Aversion Task, Motivation/reward, valence/salience study (ValSal Task)) and underwent Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and/or magneto-encephalography (MEG). |
| FG001 | Patients | Participants with diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or major depression participated in one or more sub-studies: Perception, Memory, Resting State, Passive Presentation, Loss Aversion Task, Motivation/reward, valence/salience study (ValSal Task)) and underwent Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study Participants |
| |||||||||||||
| Perception Study |
| |||||||||||||
| Memory Study |
| |||||||||||||
| Resting State Study |
| |||||||||||||
| Passive Presentation Study |
| |||||||||||||
| Loss Aversion Task |
| |||||||||||||
| Motivation Task |
| |||||||||||||
| Valence/Salience Study (ValSal Task) |
| |||||||||||||
| Active Avoidance and Sustained Attention |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Perception Study | Participants identified the expression on faces or identified the emotion of a word and were asked to respond during these stimuli themselves and during neutral pictures which were paired with these stimuli. Participants could also be asked to judge how long stimuli remained on the screen by making a button press denoting the relative duration of these stimuli compared to durations they learned. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Analysis is a breakout of the two groups in the study |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Average Correlations Between Average Time Series - Left & Right Hemisphere of the Brain | The average bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) correlations between all averaged time series were extracted from the raters' individual masks. Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signals were used to extract a mean time series from the BNST masks. This time series was correlated across the rest of the brain using 3dTcorr1D, which computes the correlation coefficient between each voxel time series. Raters were blinded to subject identity for subjective sensory effects at high field and inter-rater and volume measurements for the drawn BNST masks. Correlations were calculated between average time series extracted between all raters' masks for each subject. Two separate analyses for the left and right BNSTs were performed. | Analysis was done on a sample of healthy participants | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | correlation coefficient (r) | 10 minutes |
|
Up to three hours in a single day visit for a maximum of three visits
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Perception Study - Healthy Volunteer | Participants identified the expression on faces or identified the emotion of a word and were asked to respond during these stimuli themselves and during neutral pictures which were paired with these stimuli. Participants could also be asked to judge how long stimuli remained on the screen by making a button press denoting the relative duration of these stimuli compared to durations they learned. |
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This protocol was a series of sub-studies using sample subjects which explains the number of participants per study.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pao, Maryland | National Institute of Mental Health | +1 301 435 5770 | paom@mail.nih.gov |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 1, 2023 | Jul 24, 2023 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013216 | Reflex, Startle |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012018 | Reflex |
| D009460 | Neurologic Examination |
| D003943 | Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
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| Acoustic startle | Device | Acoustic startle for MEG only |
|
| 2000 milliseconds during trial |
| 28392491 | Result | Gorka AX, Torrisi S, Shackman AJ, Grillon C, Ernst M. Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neuroimage. 2018 Mar;168:392-402. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.007. Epub 2017 Apr 6. |
| 28838469 | Result | Cornwell BR, Garrido MI, Overstreet C, Pine DS, Grillon C. The Unpredictive Brain Under Threat: A Neurocomputational Account of Anxious Hypervigilance. Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Sep 15;82(6):447-454. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.031. Epub 2017 Jul 6. |
| 29621615 | Result | Torrisi S, Chen G, Glen D, Bandettini PA, Baker CI, Reynolds R, Yen-Ting Liu J, Leshin J, Balderston N, Grillon C, Ernst M. Statistical power comparisons at 3T and 7T with a GO / NOGO task. Neuroimage. 2018 Jul 15;175:100-110. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.071. Epub 2018 Apr 3. |
| 34448816 | Derived | Philips RT, Torrisi SJ, Gorka AX, Grillon C, Ernst M. Dynamic Time Warping Identifies Functionally Distinct fMRI Resting State Cortical Networks Specific to VTA and SNc: A Proof of Concept. Cereb Cortex. 2022 Mar 4;32(6):1142-1151. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhab273. |
| 33150947 | Derived | Balderston NL, Flook E, Hsiung A, Liu J, Thongarong A, Stahl S, Makhoul W, Sheline Y, Ernst M, Grillon C. Patients with anxiety disorders rely on bilateral dlPFC activation during verbal working memory. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2020 Dec 24;15(12):1288-1298. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa146. |
| 31256001 | Derived | Robinson OJ, Pike AC, Cornwell B, Grillon C. The translational neural circuitry of anxiety. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 Dec;90(12):1353-1360. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-321400. Epub 2019 Jun 29. |
| 30289497 | Derived | Gorka AX, Fuchs B, Grillon C, Ernst M. Impact of induced anxiety on neural responses to monetary incentives. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2018 Nov 8;13(11):1111-1119. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsy082. |
| 29382815 | Derived | Torrisi S, Gorka AX, Gonzalez-Castillo J, O'Connell K, Balderston N, Grillon C, Ernst M. Extended amygdala connectivity changes during sustained shock anticipation. Transl Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 31;8(1):33. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0074-6. |
| 29213110 | Derived | Balderston NL, Liu J, Roberson-Nay R, Ernst M, Grillon C. The relationship between dlPFC activity during unpredictable threat and CO2-induced panic symptoms. Transl Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 30;7(12):1266. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0006-5. |
| 28842415 | Derived | Balderston NL, Hsiung A, Ernst M, Grillon C. Effect of Threat on Right dlPFC Activity during Behavioral Pattern Separation. J Neurosci. 2017 Sep 20;37(38):9160-9171. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0717-17.2017. Epub 2017 Aug 21. |
| 28555565 | Derived | Balderston NL, Hale E, Hsiung A, Torrisi S, Holroyd T, Carver FW, Coppola R, Ernst M, Grillon C. Threat of shock increases excitability and connectivity of the intraparietal sulcus. Elife. 2017 May 30;6:e23608. doi: 10.7554/eLife.23608. |
| 27369069 | Derived | Torrisi S, Robinson O, O'Connell K, Davis A, Balderston N, Ernst M, Grillon C. The neural basis of improved cognitive performance by threat of shock. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016 Nov;11(11):1677-1686. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw088. Epub 2016 Jun 30. |
| 27110997 | Derived | Balderston NL, Vytal KE, O'Connell K, Torrisi S, Letkiewicz A, Ernst M, Grillon C. Anxiety Patients Show Reduced Working Memory Related dlPFC Activation During Safety and Threat. Depress Anxiety. 2017 Jan;34(1):25-36. doi: 10.1002/da.22518. Epub 2016 Apr 25. |
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| BG001 | Memory Study | Participants performed one or more memory tasks: a) navigated a virtual reality water maze with a joystick to learn the location of an escape platform; b) Behavioral Pattern Separation (BPS) task which consisted of two phases - first participants assign an indoor/outdoor verdict to pictures of neutral objects and completed a memory test. Lastly, participants were asked to remember verbal and nonverbal stimuli which consisted of words, pictures, letters or spatial locations in series of stimuli. |
| BG002 | Resting State Study | Participants laid still with their eyes open and stared at a fixation cross for 6-9 minutes without falling asleep. During a resting state run, participants did not engage in any task. However, on some rest runs, they were under the threat of a shock or safe from shock. |
| BG003 | Passive Presentation Study | Participants engaged in simple, passive experience (visual, auditory, tactile) to measure sensory responses under threat and safe conditions. Participants were asked to remain attentive to whether they were at risk of receiving shock or safe from shocks but did not need to respond to the stimuli. |
| BG004 | Loss Aversion Task | Participants decided between taking or dismissing a series of monetary gambles. |
| BG005 | Motivation Task (Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Subjects) | Participants performed one of two versions of the MID task. The first version of the task examined the effect of threat of shock on goal driven/motivational stimuli where subjects made speeded responses to a central target under conditions of potential monetary gain, loss, or neutrality during threat of shock and during safety. During the second version, participants performed the MID task within the MRI scanner. |
| BG006 | Valence/Salience Study (ValSal Task) | Participants completed the ValSal task involving two motivated behaviors, valence and salience. Valence compared the positive versus negative values tagged to stimuli/situations. Salience examined the subjective importance of stimuli/situations. |
| BG007 | Active Avoidance and Sustained Attention Tasks | In the active avoidance signal task (AAST), participants performed a modified version of the threat paradigm during which, they held down a button and view sequentially presented pairs of colored squares and were instructed to lift their finger when they see the medium-medium color combination (i.e. "go" trials), and to refrain from lifting their finger during all other combinations (i.e. "stop" trials). Participants performed alternating blocks in safe and threat conditions, and each block consisted of a series of "go" and "stop" trials. In the sustained attention to response task (SART), subjects participated in go/nogo during periods of threat of shocks and periods of safety, when no shock could be administered. |
| BG008 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Count of Participants |
| Participants |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Analysis is a breakout of the two groups in the study | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Analysis is a breakout of the two groups in the study | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Analysis is a breakout of the two groups in the study | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
Healthy volunteers underwent Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and/or magneto-encephalography (MEG). |
|
|
|
| Primary | Difference in Volume - Left & Right Habenula | Images were acquired on a 7 T Siemens Magnetom MRI with a 32-channel head coil over 10 minutes. Participants were instructed to keep their eyes open and look at a white fixation cross on a black background during image acquisition. Following manual tracing of the habenula, the volumes of the left and right habenulae for each subject were computed separately. The left and right habenula volumes were then compared using a paired t-test. | Analysis was done on a pilot sample of healthy volunteer participants | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mm^3 | 10 minutes |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Percent of Correct No Button Presses During Functional MRI | Subjects participated in go/nogo (91% GO trials with the " = " symbol indicating button push and 9% NOGO trials with the "O" symbol indicating no push)) task condition during 3 Tesla (3T) or 7 Tesla (7T) functional MRI with periods of threat of shocks and periods of safety when no shock could be administered. During the GNG stimuli were presented on a monitor and randomly distributed. A correct go hit was a response recorded during these 2000 ms to a go trial. Similarly, a correct nogo omission was a no response during the same period to a nogo trial. Performance was first averaged across condition (threat, safe) and trial type (go, nogo) by dividing the number of correct responses by the total number of each trial type. The NOGO and GO behavioral effects were then separately compared between 3T and 7T strength. Accuracy was measured as a percent of correct button presses during fMRI (3T or 7T). | Analysis included only participants who completed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Percentage of accurate responses | 2000 milliseconds during trial |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 396 |
| 0 |
| 396 |
| 0 |
| 396 |
| EG001 | Perception Study - Patient | Participants identified the expression on faces or identified the emotion of a word and were asked to respond during these stimuli themselves and during neutral pictures which were paired with these stimuli. Participants could also be asked to judge how long stimuli remained on the screen by making a button press denoting the relative duration of these stimuli compared to durations they learned. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| EG002 | Memory Study - Healthy Volunteer | Participants performed one or more memory tasks: a) navigated a virtual reality water maze with a joystick to learn the location of an escape platform; b) Behavioral Pattern Separation (BPS) task which consisted of two phases - first participants assign an indoor/outdoor verdict to pictures of neutral objects and completed a memory test. Lastly, participants were asked to remember verbal and nonverbal stimuli which consisted of words, pictures, letters or spatial locations in series of stimuli. | 0 | 165 | 0 | 165 | 0 | 165 |
| EG003 | Memory Study - Patient | Participants performed one or more memory tasks: a) navigated a virtual reality water maze with a joystick to learn the location of an escape platform; b) Behavioral Pattern Separation (BPS) task which consisted of two phases - first participants assign an indoor/outdoor verdict to pictures of neutral objects and completed a memory test. Lastly, participants were asked to remember verbal and nonverbal stimuli which consisted of words, pictures, letters or spatial locations in series of stimuli. | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 |
| EG004 | Resting State Study - Healthy Volunteer | Participants laid still with their eyes open and stared at a fixation cross for 6-9 minutes without falling asleep. During a resting state run, participants did not engage in any task. However, on some rest runs, they were under the threat of a shock or safe from shock. | 0 | 218 | 0 | 218 | 0 | 218 |
| EG005 | Resting State Study - Patient | Participants laid still with their eyes open and stared at a fixation cross for 6-9 minutes without falling asleep. During a resting state run, participants did not engage in any task. However, on some rest runs, they were under the threat of a shock or safe from shock. | 0 | 57 | 0 | 57 | 0 | 57 |
| EG006 | Passive Presentation Study - Healthy Volunteer | Participants engaged in simple, passive experience (visual, auditory, tactile) to measure sensory responses under threat and safe conditions. Participants were asked to remain attentive to whether they were at risk of receiving shock or safe from shocks but did not need to respond to the stimuli. | 0 | 57 | 0 | 57 | 0 | 57 |
| EG007 | Loss Aversion Task - Healthy Volunteer | Participants decided between taking or dismissing a series of monetary gambles. | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| EG008 | Loss Aversion Task - Patient | Participants decided between taking or dismissing a series of monetary gambles. | 0 | 22 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| EG009 | Motivation Task (Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Study) - Healthy Volunteer | Participants performed one of two versions of the MID task. The first version of the task examined the effect of threat of shock on goal driven/motivational stimuli where subjects made speeded responses to a central target under conditions of potential monetary gain, loss, or neutrality during threat of shock and during safety. During the second version, participants performed the MID task within the MRI scanner. | 0 | 264 | 0 | 264 | 0 | 264 |
| EG010 | Motivation Task (Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Study) - Patient | Participants performed one of two versions of the MID task. The first version of the task examined the effect of threat of shock on goal driven/motivational stimuli where subjects made speeded responses to a central target under conditions of potential monetary gain, loss, or neutrality during threat of shock and during safety. During the second version, participants performed the MID task within the MRI scanner. | 0 | 37 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 37 |
| EG011 | Valence/Salience Study (ValSal Task) - Healthy Volunteer | Participants completed the ValSal task involving two motivated behaviors, valence and salience. Valence compared the positive versus negative values tagged to stimuli/situations. Salience examined the subjective importance of stimuli/situations. | 0 | 118 | 0 | 118 | 0 | 118 |
| EG012 | Valence/Salience Study (ValSal Task) - Patient | Participants completed the ValSal task involving two motivated behaviors, valence and salience. Valence compared the positive versus negative values tagged to stimuli/situations. Salience examined the subjective importance of stimuli/situations. | 0 | 32 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 32 |
| EG013 | Active Avoidance and Sustained Attention Tasks - Healthy Volunteer | In the active avoidance signal task (AAST), participants performed a modified version of the threat paradigm during which, they held down a button and view sequentially presented pairs of colored squares and were instructed to lift their finger when they see the medium-medium color combination (i.e. "go" trials), and to refrain from lifting their finger during all other combinations (i.e. "stop" trials). Participants performed alternating blocks in safe and threat conditions, and each block consisted of a series of "go" and "stop" trials. In the sustained attention to response task (SART), subjects participated in go/nogo during periods of threat of shocks and periods of safety, when no shock could be administered. | 0 | 162 | 0 | 162 | 0 | 162 |
| EG014 | Active Avoidance and Sustained Attention Tasks - Patient | In the active avoidance signal task (AAST), participants performed a modified version of the threat paradigm during which, they held down a button and view sequentially presented pairs of colored squares and were instructed to lift their finger when they see the medium-medium color combination (i.e. "go" trials), and to refrain from lifting their finger during all other combinations (i.e. "stop" trials). Participants performed alternating blocks in safe and threat conditions, and each block consisted of a series of "go" and "stop" trials. In the sustained attention to response task (SART), subjects participated in go/nogo during periods of threat of shocks and periods of safety, when no shock could be administered. | 0 | 58 | 0 | 58 | 0 | 58 |
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| D003933 | Diagnosis |
| D010808 | Physical Examination |
| D009424 | Nervous System Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
| Between 18 and 65 years |
|
| >=65 years |
|
|
| Male |
|
|
| Not Hispanic or Latino |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
|
| Asian |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
|