This study will evaluate the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for guiding placement of hollow needles into the prostate gland for delivering internal radiation therapy to patients with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is often treated with a combination of external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy (internal radiation delivered close to the tumor). This study will determine whether MRI is more accurate in guiding needle placement than ultrasound, which is currently used for this purpose. Patients will have one brachytherapy treatment followed by 5 weeks of external beam treatments and a second brachytherapy.

Patients 18 years of age and older with prostate cancer that has not spread to the bone may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a physical examination, blood and urine tests, and a bone scan.

To plan for radiation therapy, patients will have standard computed tomography (CT) and MRI scans of the pelvis and prostate. In addition, CT and MRI scans will be done to determine if the prostate is in a good position for brachytherapy. For these scans, patients will have an enema and a tube will be placed in the rectum. They will then lie still on their side for about 45 minutes during the scan. Patients who have blood in their urine will also undergo cystoscopy. This is an examination of the bladder using a small camera that is advanced through the penis into the bladder.

Patients are given an antibiotic for 2 days before the brachytherapy and on the morning of the procedure. Before the test, they have a small enema and are given medicines through the vein and into the spine for relaxation and to decrease any discomfort. (The test is done under general anesthesia for patients who require it.) The patient is moved on a stretcher into the MRI scanner and a catheter is inserted into the bladder through the penis. The bladder is filled with water and a tube is placed in the rectum. With the help of a plastic guide placed against the skin, about 14 to 18 needles are then placed in the prostate. Some stitches are sewn to hold the needles and the guide in place, and the tube in the rectum is removed. The patient is the transferred from the MR scanner into the CT scanner, where the rectal tube is reinserted and the needles are adjusted. A cystoscopy is done to make sure the needles do not enter the bladder. When the needles are adjusted, the tube is removed from the rectum and the patient is moved to the radiation oncology clinic.

After a few hours, when the radiation dose has been calculated, a radioactive substance called iridium is administered. The needles placed in the prostate are connected to a radiation machine, and thin wires with radioactive material on the tips are inserted into each needle and withdrawn a little at a time. The process takes about 20 to 30 minutes. The patient is then disconnected from the machine and undergoes another MRI scan to confirm the position of the needles. The needles and catheter are then removed and the patient is monitored for a while before going home. Patients then have 5 weeks of external beam therapy, followed by a second brachytherapy treatment.

Patients return to the clinic at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months after treatment for blood tests, physical examination, and review of symptoms.

BACKGROUND

Brachytherapy, the placement of a radioactive source close to a tumor, is rapidly becoming an important modality for patients with prostate cancer because higher and more conformal doses can be safely delivered compared with external beam radiotherapy.

High dose rate (HDR) temporary implants offer several treatment and research based advantages over permanent seeds, including exceptionally complex and accurate dosimetry in reference to anatomic images.

Needle placement in brachytherapy procedures requires detailed image guidance, traditionally obtained with trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS). MRI offers a 3D dataset, arbitrary imaging planes, and unparalleled soft tissue resolution of the anatomy, making it the modality of choice for imaging the prostate gland.

A real-time MR-guided prostate permanent seed implant technique that utilizes both real-time MRI and real-time dosimetry has been designed, implemented and reported. Results confirm that TRUS-guided implants may be improved upon by using MRI. To our knowledge, HDR implants have not yet been performed under MR guidance in a closed bore magnet.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective is to determine the quality of prostate HDR brachytherapy implants performed under MR-guidance.

Quality is defined by the percentage of the planning target volume (PTV) encompassed by a given percentage of the prescribed dose. In this study an implant will be of "acceptable" quality if 80% of the PTV is encompassed by the 100% isodose (V100 80%), in accordance with RTOG guidelines.

ELIGIBILITY

Pathologically confirmed prostate cancer with the following features:

• Gleason score greater than 6, or greater than T2a, or
• PSA greater than or equal to 10, and no evidence of bone metastases;

Age greater than or equal to 18 years;

ECOG performance status of 0 or 1

DESIGN

The study is designed with a "run-in" pilot phase with the objective of refining the technique.

The evaluation phase is a two-stage optimal design to evaluate the quality of the implant with an early look for futility.

This study has the potential to enroll a maximum of 27 patients.

Radiation treatment parameters will be patterned after established guidelines in the literature such as those reported by the American Brachytherapy Society and the William-Beaumont Hospital. There will be no attempted dose escalation or attempts to prescribe the dose to unconventional target volumes in this phase of the project.

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Pathologically confirmed prostate cancer with the following features: Gleason score greater than 6, or greater than T2a, or PSA greater than or equal to 10, and no evidence of bone metastases

Age greater than or equal to 18 years

ECOG performance status of 0 or 1

Informed consent: All patients must sign a document of informed consent indicating their understanding of the investigational nature and risks of the study before any protocol related studies are performed (this does not include routine laboratory tests or imaging studies required to establish eligibility).

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

History of prior pelvic or prostate radiotherapy

TURP within the last 6 months or large TURP defect

Contraindication to implant procedure:

• Bleeding disorder
• Active anticoagulation at the time of implant
• Artificial heart valve

Contraindication to MRI:

• Patients weighing greater than 136 kgs (weight limit for the scanner tables)
• Patients with pacemakers, cerebral aneurysm clips, shrapnel injury or implantable electronic devices.

Preexisting significant urinary obstructive symptoms as reflected by a high (greater than 18) International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)

Pubic arch interference or inadequate access to perineum as determined by preliminary MRI

Cognitively impaired patients who cannot give informed consent

Medically Unfit for Anesthesia as defined by an anesthesiology consultant

Other active malignancy (except for non-melanoma skin cancer or malignancy which was treated with curative intent at least 3 years ago with no further evidence of recurrent disease.)

Other urinary or medical conditions deemed by the PI or associates to make the patient ineligible for high dose rate brachytherapy and EBRT.