Our data indicate that environmental exposure to the heavy metal lead are more widespread than currently appreciated and that such exposures are associated with the production of human male subfertility. Lead's effects are observed in male partners of infertile couples attending an IVF clinical, in men acting as semen donors in an artificial insemination program and in men representative of the general public. Our goal is to identify the mechanism(s) underlying lead's anti-fertility action.

Our goal is to understand how environmental and occupational exposures to heavy and transition metal ions injure the human male reproductive tract.

The American Urological Association and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine report that ~15% of couples (i.e., more than 6.1 million people in the U.S.) experience infertility at some time. The male is responsible for infertility of 20% of these couples and contributes to the infertility of another 30-40%. However, the cause(s) of male infertility in many cases is unknown. Our data suggest that lead exposures (in the air, in food and in drinking water) underlie a significant fraction of "unexplained" male infertility. We found that blood and seminal plasma lead levels were elevated in 22% of normospermic males from couples seeking infertility treatment, in 29% of semen donors participating in an artificial insemination program and in 23% of unselected semen donors answering an advertisement for research participation. These elevated lead levels were associated with decreased sperm fertility potential in IVF, in artificial insemination and in pregnancy by coitus. The negative effects of lead on sperm function was correlated with expression of specific forms of sperm ion channels (metal binding proteins that allow lead to enter cells), suggesting that such proteins serve as markers for susceptibility or resistance to the reproductive toxic effects of lead. Further, in cases in which human male lead levels changed markedly over time, there were corresponding changes in sperm ion channel, sperm function and sperm fertility potential. These changes were linked to changes in calcium modulated processes in human testis biopsies obtained from infertility patients and could be mimicked in testes of rats experimentally fed lead.

In the current study, we plan to identify changes in gene expression important to the production of the infertile state by comparing the genes expressed in the testis of control and lead exposed rats which are resistant or susceptible to lead. These findings will help to explain how lead exposure kill cells within the testis. We will then determine whether the same changes occur in human testis biopsies and ejaculated sperm from infertile males with high body burdens of lead. The expected outcome of this study is the identification of a possible mechanism explaining male infertility associated with low sperm counts or idiopathic male infertility, tools for diagnosis of male infertility and the hope for rationale treatment.

• Otherwise healthy men seeking fertility evaluation, without history of urologic infections or varicocele.
• Non-smokers.
• Occupationally exposed to lead or not exposed to lead.
• Otherwise healthy men undergoing testis biopsy for clinical assessment of spermatogenesis or for sperm retrieval prior to an attempt at assisted reproduction.
• Otherwise healthy men providing semen specimens for clinical analysis prior to an attempt at assisted reproduction.