This study was designed to learn more about the areas of the brain involved in the experience of positive and negative emotions.

Patients who would like to participate in this study will first undergo a screening process to see if they will be eligible for the study. Patients eligible to participate in the study will go through two sessions.

During session one, researchers will attempt to evoke positive and negative emotions by showing patients slides of different emotion-arousing stimuli (pictures of pleasant and unpleasant scenes). While patients are viewing these slides, researchers will be measuring patient's heart rate, sweating, and eye-blinking.

During session two, patients will undergo an MRI of the brain while seeing similar emotion-arousing pictures as in session one. In addition, patients may be asked to play a simple computer game for a reward of money while researchers use the MRI to measure brain activity.

Researchers hope to develop methods to evoke positive and negative emotions and simultaneously (at the same time) see brain activation in normal volunteers, alcoholics, and recovered alcoholics.<TAB>

Objective: The purpose of this protocol is two-fold: 1) to determine how individual differences in evoked brain responses relate to generalized trait personality and behavior differences (as assessed by psychometric questionnaire instruments and behavioral measures), and 2) to determine whether individual differences in evoked brain responses relate specifically to genetic polymorphisms in genes governing neurotransmitter activity.

Study population: Healthy non-alcoholic adult volunteers, healthy adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (with or without a family history of alcohol use disorder), inpatient or outpatient alcoholics, and recovering alcoholics.

Design: In this event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we will attempt to evoke positive and negative affect via several different standardized methods including: (1) pictures of emotion-arousing stimuli; (2) pictures of emotional facial expression; (3) cues signaling reward or punishment. This protocol is designed to cover many different functional magnetic imaging studies all using similar techniques to evoke and measure positive and negative affect in the brain. Most subjects will not participate in studies involving all the methods described in the protocol.

Outcome measures: The outcome measure is differences in blood oxygenation dependent level (BOLD) signal measured using standard fMRI techniques and analyzed using AFNI software.

• INPATIENT ALCOHOLICS:

• We will study up to 150 male and 150 female individuals who meet criteria for alcohol use disorders and are between the age of 18 and 65 years. Inpatient alcoholics will be recruited from the NIAAA protocol 05-AA-0121, Assessment and treatment of people with alcohol drinking problems.

• Inclusion criteria

  • (1) Are physically healthy;
  • (2) Are between 18-65 years of age (since age effects FMRI signal in ways that have not yet been well-characterized);
  • (2) Are right handed.

• Exclusion criteria:

  • (1) Have ferromagnetic objects in their bodies which might be adversely affected by MRI including implanted pacemakers, medication pumps, aneurysm clips; metallic prostheses (including metal pins and rods, heart valves or cochlear implants, shrapnel fragments, permanent eye liner or small metal fragments in the eye that welders and other metal works may have- any doubt about presence of these objects will result in exclusion from this study), or if candidates are uncomfortable in small closed spaces (have claustrophobia), or cannot lie comfortably on their back for up to one hour;

  • (2) Test HIV positive (since AIDS-related dementia compromises brain function);

  • (3) Are not cleared on a neuromotor examination during the screening physical by the medically responsible staff;

  • (4) Are currently receiving psychotropic medication for emotional distress;

  • (5) Are pregnant or lactating;

  • (6) Have symptoms of alcohol withdrawal as indicated by the most recent measurement within the past 30 days, as measured by the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) score greater than 8;

  • (7) Have active homicidal or suicidal ideation.

    • RECOVERING ALCOHOLICS

• We will study up to 50 male and 50 female individuals who in the past have met criteria for alcohol use disorders and are between the age of 18 and 65 years. Recovering alcoholics must be at least 3 month without alcohol use, and will be recruited from the NIAAA protocol 05-AA-0121, Assessment and treatment of people with alcohol drinking problems.

• Inclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics.

• Exclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics.

  -HEALTHY NON-ALCOHOLICS:

• We will study up to 150 male and 150 female individuals who have never met criteria for an alcohol use disorder and are between the age of 18 and 65 years and will be recruited from the NIAAA protocol 98-AA-0009, Screening Evaluation for NIAAA Protocols.

• Inclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics.

• Exclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics (item 6 does not apply).

  -CHILDREN OF ALCOHOLICS:

• We will study up to 90 male and 90 female individuals who are biological children of at least one parent who met criteria for alcohol dependence and are between the age of 12 and 17 years.

• Inclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics except age range is between 12 and 17 years.

• Exclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics except age range is between 12 and 17 years (item 6 does not apply).

  -CHILDREN OF NON-ALCOHOLICS:

• We will study up to 90 male and 90 female individuals neither of whose biological parents met criteria for alcohol dependence and are between the age of 12 and 17 years.

• Inclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics except age range is between 12 and 17 years.

• Exclusion criteria: Same as inpatient alcoholics except age range is between 12 and 17 years (item 6 does not apply).

  -PARENTS OF CHILDREN WHO HAVE AT LEAST ONE PARENT WITH A HISTORY OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE:

• We will study up to 180 individuals who are the parent of a child who has at least one parent with a history of alcohol dependence. The person providing consent may be either a parent with the history of alcohol dependence or a parent without such a history.

• Inclusion criteria: Legally able to consent for child.

• Exclusion criteria: None.

  -PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH NO FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

• We will study up to 180 individuals who are the parent of a child neither of whose parents have a history of alcohol dependence.

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Inclusion criteria: Legally able to consent for child.
• Exclusion criteria: None.